Hlau hluav taws xob conductivity raws li nws yog

Tsis muaj ib tug niaj hnub no tsis yog li ntawd, los ntawm kov tau lub khawm mus, peb yuav pom tau qhov hluav taws kub rau ib lub teeb teeb. Feem ntau peb twb tsis xav hais tias tag nrho cov kev ua no yog raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm lub cev tshwm sim. Ib tug ntawm xws tsis tshua muaj neeg mas phenomena - qhov hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm hlau, uas muab lub khiav ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no.

Yuav pib nrog, tej zaum, koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab yog dab tsi nws tag nrho hais txog. Yog li, conductivity yog lub peev xwm ntawm yam khoom uas yuav kis tau hluav taws xob tam sim no. Ntxiv mus, ntaub ntawv sib txawv muaj no muaj peev xwm mus ua degrees. Raws li cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm hluav taws xob conductivity nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj yog sib cais conductors, semiconductors thiab insulators.

Yog hais tias koj saib nyob rau ntawm qhov cov ntaub ntawv tau los ntawm kev soj ntsuam rau cov kev kawm txog cov hluav taws xob tam sim no, nws yuav tseeb hais tias cov conductivity ntawm co yog lub siab tshaj plaws. Qhov no kuj muaj tseeb nrog qhov niaj hnub xyaum ua, thaum cov kis ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no siv hlau nyob ntawm tej. Ntawd co feem ntau ua conductors ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no. Thiab tus piav rau qhov no yuav muaj nyob rau hauv lub electron kev tshawb xav ntawm co.

Raws li yav tas, tus neeg xyuas pib yog ib tug crystalline lattice uas nws ntshav nyob atoms. Lawv yog cov heev ntom thiab yog sib raug zoo mus nyob ib sab carbon atoms li, yog li ntawd nyob twj ywm tshuam nyob rau hauv ib tug crystalline lattice. Yuav ua li cas yuav hais txog electrons, nyob rau lub txheej zoo li ntawm atoms. Cov electrons mus tau rau across, txoj kev ua rau thiaj li hu ua "electronic roj". Ntawm no lub hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm hlau, thiab raws li nyob rau hauv cov electrons.

Raws li pov thawj hais tias tus xwm ntawm lub fais tam sim no vim rau qhov electrons, peb yuav nco qab qhov kev paub ntawm cov German physicist Rikke, tauj nyob rau hauv 1901. Nws muab ob tooj liab thiab ib tug txhuas lub tog raj kheej nrog ib tug ua tib zoo polished xaus, muab tso rau ib tug nyob rau lwm lub thiab dhau los ntawm lawv tam sim no. Raws li lub tswvyim ntawm tus experimenter yog qhov hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm co yog tshwm sim los atoms, cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw hloov lwm lub tsev yuav tshwm sim. Txawm li cas los, tom qab dhau hluav taws xob tam sim no rau thooj voos kheej kheej, qhov loj yog tsis tau hloov.

Qhov no tshwm sim coj mus rau lub xaus hais tias hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm co yog tshwm sim los ntawm ib co hais xam qhovkev rau tag nrho cov conductors. Nyob rau hauv no luag hauj lwm cia li haum lub electron, uas los ntawm lub sij hawm no twb qhib. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, peb siv li ob peb ingenious thwmsim, thiab tag nrho lawv paub tseeb hais tias hais tias ib tug hluav taws xob tam sim no yog tshwm sim los ntawm lub zog ntawm electrons.

Nyob rau hauv raws li niaj hnub niam tswv yim ntawm tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo hlau nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshav nyob ions thiab electrons yog tsiv kuj dawb do therebetween. Hais tias xws li ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm electrons thiab muab kev hluav taws xob conductivity hlau. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug me me tej zaum txawv rau tus neeg xyuas pib xaus ntawm cov dawb electrons pib txav, uas ua rau ib tug hluav taws xob tam sim no.

Ntawm no nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias conductivity yog xav kub nyob. Yog li, nrog ua kub lub conductivity ntawm co decreases, thiab conversely, tsub kom raws li kub decreases, kom txog thaum lub phenomenon ntawm superconductivity. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov hais tias hais tias txawm lub conductivity muaj tag nrho cov co, nws muaj nuj nqis rau lawv txhua txhua tus nws tus kheej. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws conductivity ntawm cov feem ntau lug siv nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob thiab hlau tooj liab muaj.

Yog li, txo cov ntaub ntawv uas muab ib tug notion uas nruab nrab yog ib tug hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm co, piav txog cov xwm ntawm lub fais tam sim no thiab piav txog dab tsi tshwm sim rau nws. Muab qhov kev piav qhia ntawm tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo ntawm hlau thiab tej nyhuv ntawm lwm yam nyob rau hauv conductivity.