Crystal lattice thiab nws yooj yim hom

Kiag li tej tshuaj tshuaj uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov xwm, yog tsim los ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm zoo tib yam hais uas yog txuas ua ke. Tag nrho cov teeb meem tshwm sim nyob rau hauv peb lub xeev ntawm aggregation: gaseous, kua thiab khoom. Thaum nyuab thermal tsab ntawv tsa suab (thaum uas tsis muaj kub) raws li ntawm cov khib nyiab hais yog nruj me ntsis taw qhia kom paub nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, uas yog manifested nyob rau hauv lawv cov caij nyoog ntxwv lub koom haum.

Cov siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo ntawm lub substance - yog ib tug qauv uas yog ib tug geometrically kom kho ntawm hais (atoms, molecules los yog ions) nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov chaw. Qhov ntau yam gratings yog distinguished inter-ntawm qhov chaw thiab ncaj qha ntshav - lub point ntawm uas tus hais lawv tus kheej muaj nyob rau.

Cov siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo yog ib yam uas plaub hom: nws yog xim hlau, molecular, atomic, ionic. Hom ntawm arrays yog txiav txim raws li lub hom hais, pov tseg nyob rau hauv lawv cov ntshav raws li zoo raws li lub qhov xwm ntawm cov kev sib txuas ntawm lawv.

Cov siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo yog hu ua molecular nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas, yog hais tias tus molecules cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshav. Lawv txuas los ntawm intermolecular rog no kuj tsis muaj zog, hu ua van ua dawb Waals, tab sis lawv tus kheej atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule yog koom tshuam muaj zog covalent daim ntawv cog lus (ncov qaumteb qabteb los yog nonpolar). Molecular siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj, cov khoom hydrogen, carbon dioxide thiab lwm yam tshuaj uas yog gaseous ntawm txwm kub.

Lub muaju uas tsim lub noble gases, kuj muaj molecular lattice muaj monohydric molecules. Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom organic tshuaj muaj raws nraim li tus qauv. Tus nab npawb ntawm inorganic tshuaj, uas yog peculiar molecular qauv, yog heev me me. Qhov no, piv txwv li, hydrogen halides khoom, tej yam ntuj tso leej faj, dej khov, cov khoom yooj yim tshuaj thiab lwm tus neeg.

Thaum rhuab, kuj tsis muaj zog intermolecular bonds yog tawg haum yooj yim, li ntawd, ib yam khoom uas muaj xws gratings muaj tsawg heev melting point thiab tsawg hardness, lawv yog insoluble los yog sparingly soluble nyob rau hauv dej, kev daws teeb meem ntawm tshuam uas tsis yog-conductive, yus muaj los ntawm loj volatility. Yam tsawg kawg nkaus kub thiab melting kub - cov tshuaj ntawm nonpolar molecules.

Hu hlau xws siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo raug tsim uas ntshav atoms thiab zoo ions (cations) ntawm cov hlau nrog cov dawb valence electrons (unhooked los ntawm cov atoms thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm ions) across tsiv nyob rau hauv lub siv lead ua tej. Txawm li cas los, cov electrons yog tshuam semi-dawb, vim hais tias lawv muaj peev xwm mus dawb do xwb los hais tias txwv tsis pub no siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo.

Electrostatic electrons thiab zoo ions ntawm co yog nrog attracted, uas piav txog cov stability ntawm cov hlau ntxaij ntoo. Tus sau los ntawm dawb-tsiv electrons hu ua electron roj - nws muab zoo hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity ntawm hlau. Thaum ib tug hluav taws xob voltage electrons Rush mus zoo particle koom nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob tam sim no thiab interacting nrog ions.

Hlau lead ua ntxaij ntoo cov yam ntxwv mas rau lub elemental co thiab sib txuas ntawm ntau yam co mus rau txhua lwm yam. Cov yooj yim zog uas yog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv nws yog xim hlau muaju (txhua yam zog, volatility, melting kub), es xav sib txawv. Txawm li cas los, lub zog xws li ductility, malleability, siab hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity, ib tug yam ntxwv nws yog xim hlau ci peculiar tsuas heev dua lwm yam muaju ntawm ib tug hlau ntxaij ntoo.