Hom ntawm cov khoom cua fabrics, lawv cov yam ntxwv

Niaj hnub nimno technology tau kov tag nrho cov spheres ntawm tib neeg kev ua si. Tej zaum qhov textile kev lag luam - lub feem ntau cov tawm cov piv txwv ntawm science nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam ntawm txhua hnub hauv tsev neeg. Vim cov tshuaj synthesis ntawm tus txiv neej kawm ua fibers nrog xav zog. Peb yuav tsum paub qhov txawv dag thiab hluavtaws fabrics.

Khoom cua fibers ua los ntawm polymers ua los ntawm tej yam tshuaj. Cov raw cov ntaub ntawv rau nws yog roj, nkev los yog thee. Ntawm cov khoom cua fabrics nrog tshwj xeeb manufactured khaub ncaws, kev tiv thaiv cov khaub ncaws rau huab tej yam kev mob, zoo lawm.

Khoom cua fibers yog ua los ntawm ib tug lub cev ua ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws lub npe hu piv txwv ntawm xws li ib tug ntaub yog viscose tau los ntawm cellulose (ntoo).

Fabrics ua los ntawm cov khoom cua fibers muaj ob peb qhov tsav thiab tsis zoo piv rau tej yam ntuj tso cov ntaub ntawv.

General zog ntawm cov khoom cua fibers

Txawm tias tag nrho lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg, feem ntau cov yas muaj ib qho nta. Los ntawm cov khoom cua fabrics zoo xws li zoo.

• Durability. Dag fabrics tau paub coj kuj, tsis rot, kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kab thiab molds. Tshwj xeeb tshuaj dawb tso technology thiab tom ntej dyeing ntawm fibers muab xim fastness. Ib txhia hluavtaws fabrics pab pawg neeg tsis ruaj tsis khov rau tshav ntuj.
• Lightness. Ris tsho ua los ntawm synthetics nyhav npaum li cas tsawg tshaj li lub ntuj counterparts.
• Dries sai sai. Feem ntau cov hluavtaws fibers tsis txhob nqus dej los yog muaj dej pleev cov tshuaj zog, i.e. muaj ib tug uas tsis muaj hygroscopicity.
• Vim loj-scale muaj ntau lawm thiab tsis tshua muaj nqi feedstock, feem ntau dag ntaub so ntswg yog tsis muaj nyob rau hauv tus nqi. Nyob rau hauv lub qhuav tau siab productivity thiab tsis muaj nqi, uas nkoos txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub lag luam. Muaj ntau manufacturers tswj lub hauj yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv raws li cov xav li cas ntawm loj cov neeg muas zaub.

Tsis zoo yog tshwm sim los ntawm qhov zoo tshaj yuav tau hais tias lub dag cov ntaub ntawv uas tej zaum yuav muaj ib tug phem cawv nyob rau cov ciaj kab mob.

• Synthetics noog static hluav taws xob (electrified).
• Tej zaum koj yuav muaj kev ua xua, npau taws me ntsis tshuaj Cheebtsam.
• Feem ntau cov dag ntaub so ntswg tsis txhob nqus dej - raws li, tsis txhob nqus hws thiab muaj tsawg tu zog.
• Tsis txhob cia cov huab cua - nws yog ib qhov tseem ceeb heev rau zus tau tej cov khaub ncaws thiab ntaub pua txaj.

Ib txhia thaj chaw ntawm cov khoom cua fibers muaj ob zoo thiab tsis zoo siab, nyob ntawm seb cov ntaub ntawv uas siv. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias tus ntaub yog tsis breathable, nws yog unhygienic rau txhua hnub coj. Tab sis lub sab sauv khaub ncaws ntawm xws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav ua tau heev tsim nyog los tiv thaiv tiv thaiv phiv huab cua puag.

Qhuav ntawm cov khoom cua cov ntaub so ntswg

Tus thawj patents rau lub invention ntawm cov khoom cua fibers txog rau lub sij hawm ntawm 30-ies ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv 1932 nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees muaj mastered rau lub zus tau tej cov PVC fiber. Nyob rau hauv 1935, nyob rau hauv lub laboratory ntawm lub American lub tuam txhab DuPont tsim Polyamide. Cov khoom no yog hu ua "nylon". Muaj ntau lawm nws pib nyob rau hauv 1938, thiab ib xyoos tom qab, nws twb tau lug siv nyob rau hauv lub textile kev lag luam.

Lub Soviet txoj cai ntawm sab kev taw qhia ntawm cov achievements ntawm Science News for KIDS tau noj nyob rau hauv lub 60s. Chiv synthetics ntaus nqi raws li ib tug pheej yig muaj kev hloov rau tej yam ntuj tso fabrics thiab ces nws pib yuav tsum tau siv rau qhov siv thiab cov khaub ncaws thiab kev tiv thaiv suits. Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub scientific puag pib tsim fabrics uas txawv zog. Cov dab neeg polymers muaj indisputable zoo tshaj tej yam ntuj tso fabrics: lawv yog cov sib zog, muaj muaj zog thiab ntau resistant rau corrosion.

dag thiab hluavtaws fabrics txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov siv thiab ua thiab kev khwv nyiaj txiag ntawm ntau lawm indices. Raw cov ntaub ntawv rau siv thiab ua cov synthetics yog npaum li cas pheej yig dua thiab ntau mus siv cuag, yog li no ceg ntawm kev lag luam tau txais ua ntej nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob. Macromolecules fibers tsim los ntawm tsawg molecular yuag tebchaw. Tam sim no technologies muab ib tug cov ntaub ntawv uas nrog predetermined yam ntxwv.

Yarns tsim los ntawm melts los yog kev daws teeb meem. Tej zaum lawv yuav ib, complex los yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm bundles ntawm fibers kom tau ib tug tej yam ntev (ces lawv tsim xov). Tsis tas li ntawd filaments tsim zaj duab xis cov ntaub ntawv thiab mouldings (khoom ntawm cov khaub ncaws thiab nkawm khau) ntawm tus thawj hluavtaws loj.

ntau yam ntawm synthetics

Tam sim no yees ob peb txhiab tus tshuaj fibers, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshiab muaj tshwm txhua txhua xyoo. Raws li cov tshuaj qauv ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov khoom cua fabrics raug muab faib ua ob pawg: ntev carbon thiab hetero. Txhua pab pawg neeg yog muab faib ua tej pab pawg uas muaj ntsis zoo ib lub cev thiab kev kawm ntawv zog.

carbon-saw synthetics

Tshuaj saw macromolecule carbochain hluavtaws cov ntaub so ntswg muaj yeej tseem zoo ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms (hydrocarbons). Nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg yog cov nram qab no pab pawg:

• polyacrylonitrile;
• polyvinyl tshuaj dawb;
• polyvinyl cawv;
• polyethylene;
• polypropylene.

hetero synthetics

Qhov no ntaub ua los ntawm cov khoom cua fibers, tus molecular qauv ntawm uas, tsuas yog rau cov pa roj carbon atoms muaj xws li lwm yam ntsiab: pa, nitrogen, fluorine, tshuaj chlorine ua, sulfur. Cov inclusions muab lub pib cov ntaub ntawv uas ntxiv zog.

Hom ntawm cov khoom cua fabrics hetero pawg:

• polyester;
• Polyamide;
• polyurethane.

Lycra: polyurethane hluavtaws fabrics

Npe siv coj mus muag corporations: spandex, Lycra, spandex, neolan, dorlastan. Polyurethane xov peev xwm ntawm reversible txhua yam deformation (xws li roj hmab). Elastane muaj peev xwm ncav us txog 6-7 lub sij hawm, rov qab mus rau thawj lub free xeev. Nws muaj ib tug uas tsis muaj thermal stability: ua kub rau +120 ° C cov fiber loses nws elasticity.

Lub polyurethane filaments yog tsis siv nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab lub xeev - lawv yog siv raws li cev navivaya nyob ib ncig ntawm lwm yam fibers. Ib tug cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj xws hluavtaws fibers, muaj elasticity, zoo ncav us txog, elastic, resistant mus puas, zoo heev huab cua permeability. Cov khoom muaj qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg polyurethane filaments tsis crease thiab khaws lub yeej zoo, resistant mus rau lub teeb, kom lawv tus thawj xim. Cov ntaub yog tsis heev pom zoo kom wring, twist, qhuav nyob rau hauv lub stretched daim ntawv.

Capron: Polyamide hluavtaws

Lub npe ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas yog vim muaj lub amide pab pawg neeg, ib feem ntawm cov ntaub. Nylon thiab nylon - qhov zoo tshaj plaws-paub cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no pab pawg neeg. Ntsiab nta xws li: muaj zog lub dag lub zog, zoo tuas nws zoo lawm, tsis rot, ib qho yooj yim. Thaum lub sij hawm, nylon hloov txhob lo lo ntxhuav, siv rau qhov siv thiab ua parachutes.

Thaum hluavtaws Polyamide fiber band tsawg kuj mus tsa kub (melt pib thaum +215 ° C), lawv tig daj mus rau lub teeb thiab nyob rau hauv tus ntawm hws. Cov khoom tsis nqus noo noo thiab dries sai sai ntxiv static hluav taws xob thiab phem khaws thaum tshav kub kub. Los ntawm nws tsim tights thiab leggings. Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm nylon thiab nylon ntaub yog muab nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm 10-15%, uas tsub kom lub dag lub zog ntawm tej yam ntuj tso ntaub ntawv tsis muaj impairing lawv tu cov khoom. Ntawm xws ntaub ntawv tsim thom khwm thiab knitwear.

Lwm yam pauv npe ntawm cov khoom cua ntaub ntawv Polyamide Group: anide, Perlon, Meryl, Taslan, Jordan thiab helanka.

Velsoft - tuab ntaub nrog ib tug pw luv, competes Mahra. Los ntawm nws xaws tus me nyuam cov khaub ncaws, robes thiab tsoog naav pw, tsev khoom (phuam da dej thiab pam vov). Cov khoom yog qab ntxiag mus rau lub kov, zoo huab cua permeability yog tsis ntsws ntsws, tsis ntsws, nws tsis ploj. Nws yog resistant rau ntxuav, dries sai sai. Sau duab tsis ploj thaum lub sij hawm.

Polyester: polyester fibers

Synthetic polyester muaj siab elasticity, hnav kuj, nws tsis zaum los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg tsis zuaj thiab zoo kom lawv zoo. Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau lwm cov hluavtaws fabrics pab pawg neeg - paub thaum tshav kub kub kuj (mas tshaj +170 ° C). Khoom nyuaj, tsis nqus noo noo, tsis sau cov plua tshauv, tsis txhob ploj nyob rau hauv lub hnub. Nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv nws yog siv los tsim cov chaw nkaum uas thiab yuav kub hnyiab tau. Nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tov nrog tej yam ntuj tso fibers siv rau qhov siv thiab ua tiab thiab costume fabrics, thiab cov khoom thiab lub tsho tiv no dag plaub. Polyester fiber muab kuj mus puas thiab crease thiab tej yam ntuj tso yarns ua kev tu cev, uas muaj tsis muaj hluavtaws fabrics. Cov npe ntawm fabrics ntawm polyester ntawv uas siv: polyester, polyester, Terylene, Trevira, tergalii, diol, Dacron.

Chais ya cov plaub - Khoom cua mos polyester npuag uas zoo nkaus li zoo li ib tug Chais ya cov plaub. Ris tsho Chais ya cov plaub mos mos, lub teeb, sov, breathable, elastic. Cov khoom yog yooj yim washable, dries sai sai thiab tsis tau ironing. Chais ya cov plaub tsis ua rau ua xua, ces nws yog dav siv rau qhov siv thiab ua cov me nyuam cov khaub ncaws. Thaum lub sij hawm, cov ntaub so ntswg stretches thiab loses nws zoo lawm.

Polisatin ua los ntawm polyester nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv los yog nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog nrog paj rwb. Khoom tuab, du thiab me ntsis ci iab. Dries sai sai, tsis zaum, tsis txhob hnav, tsis txhob los. Siv rau qhov siv thiab ua cov ntaub pua txaj, tej khoom hauv tsev (yuav kub hnyiab tau, tablecloths, upholstery rau rooj tog zaum), tsev coj, neckties thiab kauv caj dab. Heev nrov hnub no ntaub pua chaw nrog 3D-duab yog ua los ntawm polisatina.

Acrylic: polyacrylonitrile ntaub ntawv

Rau txhua yam khoom zoo ib yam li cov fibers ntawm wool, acrylic yog li ntawd tej zaum kuj raug xa mus rau raws li "dag wool". Synthetic yog resistant rau tshav ntuj, nws yog tshav kub-resistant, zoo tuas nws lawm. Tsis nqus dej, tawv, electrified, nws ris.

Yog siv nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog nrog ib tug wool ntaub rau zus tau tej cov rooj tog zaum, tus me nyuam txaj, xaws khaub ncaws thiab raug dag plaub. Acrylic tsis tsim pellets, uas ua rau nws ib qho tseem ceeb tsis tas li ntawd mus rau lub wool xov rau knitting. Tej yam uas los ntawm lub neej coj xov tsawg stretch, muaj ntau check thiab khaub-ncaws nyias.

Trade npe ntawm polyacrylonitrile ntawv uas siv: acrylic, nitrone kashmilon, Dralon, Dolan, Orlon.

Spectrum thiab daynema: polyolefin fibers

Nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg no, txawv polyethylene thiab polypropylene fibers. Lub lightest ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm synthetics, lub polyolefin ntaub ntawv tsis txhob poob deg nyob rau hauv dej, muaj ib tug uas tsis muaj hygroscopicity thiab zoo thermal rwb thaiv tsev zog, elongation fibers yog yuav luag pes tsawg. Muaj tsawg kub stability - txog li +115 ° C. Lawv yog siv thaum uas tsim ib ob-txheej cov ntaub ntawv uas, xaws cov kev ua si thiab nuv ntses khaub ncaws, lim thiab upholstery, tarpaulins, ntaub pua plag. Nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog rau tej fibers - rau zus tau tej cov ris tsho hauv qab thiab hosiery.

Trade npe: spectrum daynema, tekmilon, gerkulon, ulstren, pom meraklon.

Polyvinylchloride hluavtaws fabrics

Cov khoom no mas resistant rau sib txhoj puab heev tshuaj, tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob conductivity thiab tsis khov kub (puas nyob rau ntawm 100 ° C). Tom qab lub tshav kub kev kho mob shrinks.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv nws yog los ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov khaub ncaws. Nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug tuab hluavtaws ntaub - dag tawv, kuj ua fake plaub thiab pua.

Trade npe: teviron, tshuaj chlorine ua, Vignon.

polyvinyl cawv fiber

Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li vinol, mtilan, vinylon, kuralon, Vinalon. Lawv muaj tag nrho cov zoo ntawm synthetics: check, hnav-resistant, resistant mus rau lub teeb thiab kub los. Raws li cov extensibility thiab elasticity yog nrim. Ib tug txawv feature - yog ntxeem tau dej, cov ntawm no lub pab pawg neeg ntawm cov khoom cua fabrics muaj lub siab hygroscopicity, piv rau lub thaj chaw ntawm lub paj rwb khoom. Nyob rau hauv tus dej vinol lengthened thiab me ntsis shrinks, nws lub zog dua li qub. Piv nrog rau lwm yam tshuaj fibers, nws yog tsawg resistant mus tshuaj nres.

Vinol yog siv rau cov uas ua cov khaub ncaws, ris tsho hauv qab, nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog nrog paj rwb thiab viscose - rau qhov siv thiab ua hosiery. Cov khoom no tsis yog slipping, yog tsis tau wiped, nws muaj ib tug zoo gloss. Tsis muaj ntawm cov khoom los ntawm vinola - lawv sai sai ua ntub.

Mtilan siv los tsim phais sutures.

Lub ua ke ntawm txawv fibers muab nthuav hauj yam ntxwv. Ib tug piv txwv - lug paub hnub no microfiber. Nws yog ua los ntawm ib tug ua ke ntawm nylon thiab polyester fibers. Microfiber yog tsis sinking, tsis tawm, muaj ib tug high hygroscopic vaj tse, yog li dries sai sai. Nws yog siv rau zus tau tej cov knitted fabrics, woven thiab uas tsis yog-woven cov ntaub. Nyob rau hauv lub thickness thiab fiber hloov txawv cov softness thiab durability ntawm cov khoom muag kawg. Microfiber yog tsis tov nrog lwm yam fibers, kev kho mob ntawm cov khoom no tsis tshua muaj tej yam yooj yim - lawv yog cov tsis ntshai ntxuav, qhuav tu thiab kub los. Uas muaj coob cua pores, cov ntaub pab kom muaj kev pom kev lub cev kub, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm txig tiv thaiv los ntawm cov cua. Microfiber yog ua sportswear thiab sab nraum zoov khaub ncaws, lub tsev textiles, phuam da dej thiab lub paj rwb ntxuav.

Raws li koj tau pom, lub sib tsim fibers yog lug siv nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm lub teeb kev lag luam khoom. Ntawm lawv ua si nawv thiab khaub ncaws, fabrics rau cov rooj tog thiab sab hauv kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub thaj chaw, tag nrho cov ntau yam ntawm xws li khaub ncaws, los ntawm ris tsho hauv qab rau cov ntaub ntawv rau cov tsho tiv no thiab faux plaub. Niaj hnub nimno ntaub muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm zoo uas tsis muaj rau lawv cov predecessors: lawv yuav ua tau hygroscopic, "ua pa" thiab khaws thaum tshav kub kub zoo. Lub ua ke ntawm ntau yam fibers nyob rau hauv ib xov, raws li zoo raws li lub creation ntawm multi-txheej fabrics cia manufacturers siab raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov niaj hnub ntiaj teb no.