Hydrochloric acid

Hydrogen chloride roj yog hais txog 1.3 lub sij hawm hnyav zog dua cov pa. Nws twb tsis muaj xim, tab sis nrog ib tug ntse suffocating thiab yam ntxwv tsw. Thaum ib tug kub ntawm Rho tawm 84C, hydrogen chloride roj kis los ntawm cov kua hauv lub xeev, thiab solidifies ntawm Rho tawm 112C. Hydrogen chloride yog yaj nyob rau hauv dej. Ib liter ntawm H2O yuav nqus mus txog 500 ml ntawm cov roj. Cov tshuaj no yog hu ua nws cov hydrochloric acid los yog hydrochloric acid. Concentrated hydrochloric acid ntawm 20C, yus muaj los ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws tau loj feem ntawm qhov yooj yim tshuaj yuav tsum tau 38%. Cov tshuaj - yog ib tug muaj zog monobasic acid (nyob rau hauv cov huab cua "haus luam yeeb", thiab cov dej muaj thaum txoj kev ua acid auv), nws kuj muaj lwm lub npe: hydrochloric, thiab nyob rau Ukrainian nomenclature - acid chloride. Cov tshuaj mis yuav tsum sawv cev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no: HCl. Hniav puas loj yog 36,5 g / tus nas. Ceev ntawm concentrated hydrochloric acid nyob rau hauv 20 ° C sib npaug zos rau 1.19 g / cm³. Qhov no yog ib tug teeb meem tshuaj uas belongs rau lub thib ob chav kawm ntawv ntawm kev txaus ntshai.

Nyob rau hauv lub "qhuav" daim ntawv hydrogen chloride yuav tsis nrog cov active co, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm dej cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hais heev kwm. Qhov no muaj zog hydrochloric acid yog tau hnov mob nrog rau tag nrho cov co uas yog mus rau sab laug ntawm lub hydrogen nyob rau hauv lub electrochemical series. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws reacts nrog qhov yooj yim thiab amphoteric oxides, bases thiab ntsev nrog:

• Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2 ↑;
• 2HCl + CuO → CuCl2 + H2O;
• 3HCl + Fe (OH) 3 → FeCl3 + 3H2O;
• 2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 ↑;
• HCl + AgNO3 → AgCl ↓ + HNO3.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus general zog yam ntxwv rau txhua yam ntawm ib tug muaj zog acid, hydrochloric acid tau txo zog nyob rau hauv feeb meej daim ntawv reacts nrog ib tug ntau yam ntawm oxidizing agents, tso free chlorine. Ntsev ntawm lub acid chlorides hu. Yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov yooj yim soluble nyob rau hauv cov dej thiab tag dissociate rau hauv ions. Sparingly soluble yog: Coj chloride PbCl2, nyiaj chloride AgCl, mercurous chloride Hg2Cl2 (calomel) thiab cuprous chloride CuCl. Hydrogen chloride yog tau mus nkag rau hauv qhov sib ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau unsaturated hydrocarbons nrog ob los yog triple daim ntawv cog lus, nyob rau lub chlorinated organic tebchaw tsim.

Nyob rau hauv laboratory tej yam kev mob hydrogen chloride yog tau thaum raug kom qhuav sodium tshuaj dawb nrog sulfuric acid Conc. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv txawv tej yam kev mob yuav tshwm sim tau rau daim ntawv sodium ntsev (los yog acid nruab nrab):

• H2SO4 + NaCl → NaHSO4 + HCl
• H2SO4 + 2NaCl → Na2SO4 + 2HCl.

Tus thawj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mus txog thaum uas tsis muaj tshav kub, lub thib ob - nyob ntau dua kub. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib tug kuaj hydrogen chloride zoo tau txais cov thawj txoj kev, rau cov uas tus nqi ntawm cov sulfuric acid yog pom zoo kom noj cov nqi ntawm tau txais daim ntawv ntawm NaHSO4 acid ntsev. Ces, los ntawm dissolving hydrogen chloride nyob rau hauv dej yog tau hydrochloric acid. Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, nws yog tau los ntawm burning nyob rau hauv cov cua ntawm hydrogen los yog tshuaj rau qhuav sodium tshuaj dawb (tsuas rau lub thib ob cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv) ntawm sulfuric acid Conc. Tsis tas li ntawd hydrogen chloride yog tau raws li ib tug byproduct nyob rau hauv lub chlorination ntawm nyeem organic tebchaw. Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, hydrogen chloride tau los ntawm ib tug ntawm cov saum toj no txoj kev twb yaj nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb yees nyob rau hauv uas ib tug kua yog dhau los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau nram qab, thiab cov roj nkag los ntawm lub hauv qab upwards, i.e. rau lub countercurrent hauv paus ntsiab lus.

Hydrochloric acid yog thauj nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb gummed tso tsheb hlau luam los yog ntim, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv thoob 50 liter yas los yog iav fwj cov muaj peev xwm 20 liters. Thaum lub tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub acid nrog co muaj yog ib tug uas muaj feem yuav heev hydrogen-cua mixtures. Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau kiag li tshem tawm raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev hu rau tus tsim hydrogen cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cua, tab sis kuj (ntawm anticorrosive coatings) acid kev sib cuag nrog cov hlau. Ua ntej outputting apparatuses thiab pipelines, qhov twg nws twb khaws cia los yog thauj, kho, nws yog tsim nyog los ua kev cai ib tug nitrogen purge thiab saib xyuas tus txheej xwm ntawm cov roj theem.

Hydrogen chloride yog dav siv nyob rau hauv industrial qhuav thiab nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj. Nws yog siv rau etching hlau npaj ntawm ntsev thiab raws li ib tug reagent nyob rau hauv analytical cov kev tshawb fawb. Hydrochloric acid yog ua los ntawm ib tug kev GOST 857-95 (ntawv nyeem yog zoo tib yam rau lub thoob ntiaj teb tus qauv ISO 905-78), reagent - raws li GOST 3118-77. Concentration ntawm cov kev khoom nyob rau qhov zoo thiab ntau yam thiab tej zaum yuav 31,5%, 33% los yog 35%, thiab cov khoom tsos yog yellowish vim hais tias ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau impurity ntawm tshuaj thiab lwm yam tshuaj. Reactive acid yuav tsum tsis muaj kob thiab pob tshab kua nrog ib tug loj feem ntawm los ntawm 35 mus 38%.