Iav kev lag luam neeg ua hauj lwm hnub nyob rau hauv Russia - Kaum ib hlis 19

Txhua txhua hnub, noob neej nyiam cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm lub zog ntawm cov iav ntau lawm neeg ua hauj lwm. Tam sim no cov ntaub ntawv uas tau ua ib yam thiab tus nais khu, thiab yuav lwm cov tais diav uas ua los ntawm lub khob, tsis muaj ib tug yog ras, thiab admiration tsuas yog ib tug nyias mas artistic chaw ua hauj lwm. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam uas nyob rau ntawm ib lub sij hawm es tsis txhob ntawm lub niaj zaus neeg zoo tib yam qhov rais iav daim ntawv them bovine zais zis los yog daim tawv nqaij ntawm burbot. Mica qhov rais-sill yog cov qhov siab ntawm cov khoom kim heev thiab khib, tsis hais qhov glassware, uas yog muaj nuj nqis nyob ib tug nqi. Ancient masters feem ntau yuav tsum tau them rau lub secrets ntawm xws npaj rau peb lub iav ntawm nws tus kheej.

Iav kev lag luam neeg ua hauj lwm hnub

Nyob rau hauv Russia, ib tug neeg nyiaj so koobtsheej glaziers tsis casually hnub yog lub kaum ib hlis 19, nws yog lub hnub yug ntawm Mihaila Vasilevicha Lomonosova, tus poj Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij. Nws muaj kev tswj kom tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb technology rau zus tau tej cov iav loj thiab dawb lias glazes, uas yog siv los tsim ib tug plurality ntawm mosaic duab. Them nws vim tus neeg zoo tshaj Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij, txij li thaum 2000 hnub ntawm cov iav kev lag luam nquam paj nquam nruas nws lub hnub yug.

Yuav ua li cas kom tau ib tug iav

Txawm txheej thaum ub txiv neej siv lub khob ntuj keeb kwm, yog ua los ntawm obsidian thiab tektites tej yam yooj yim cov cuab yeej thiab riam phom - arrowheads thiab hmuv rau cov tibneeg, cov riam, cov scrapers thiab choppers. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov ntau lawm ntawm cov iav, zoo li ntau lwm discoveries tshwm sim los ntawm kev huam yuaj, thiab peb tshuav qhov no rau tus forefathers uas rau ua noj ua haus thiab ci tais diav ntim chaws staged hearth nyob rau hauv cov xuab zeb qho to. Qhov kub thaum lub sij hawm lub combustion ntawm ntoo thiab straw yog txaus rau yaj cov xuab zeb pib. Nws tov nrog cov ntoo tshauv mus ua ib lub glassy loj. Qhov no yog qhia los ntawm kev tshwm sim rau qhov chaw ntawm ancient settlements nyob rau hauv av nplaum huam nrog cov ntsiab ntawm cov glaze rau lub sab thiab hauv qab.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov iav ntau lawm

Khob, sab thaum lub sij hawm archaeological excavations nyob rau hauv Iyi tebchaws, thiab rau sab qab teb ntawm Iraq, qhia tias tus Sumerians thiab ancient Egyptians ntau tshaj tsib txhiab xyoo dhau los mastered rau lub kos duab ntawm ua hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab mosaic iav. Tsim yaam tshab ntawm ancient masters ntawm txawv tshwj xeeb txoj kev tshav ntuj, tab sis twb tsis tshab.

Glassmaking tau txais ib tug zoo impetus mus rau lub kev loj hlob ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws. Cov khoom ua los ntawm lub khob tau ua ib qho zoo heev khoom rau lub lag luam tawm, uas muaj ib tug pab tej yam nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nws lawm. Alexandria, uas yog nyob rau hauv Roman protectorate, los ua ib tug loj qhov chaw ntawm lub khob lawm thaum lub sij hawm. Wizards twb tau mus cuag transparency nyob rau hauv lub khob siv thiab ua, ntxiv mus rau lub ancient Iyiv cov zaub mov txawv manganese oxide. Qhib cog lus rau cov uas nyob deb-off hnub, nws muaj peev xwm thov rau lub npe ntawm "hnub ntawm cov iav kev lag luam ntawm antiquity."

Khob pib tau lug siv nyob rau hauv architecture: Lub ntu ntawm tsuas iav. Nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog, European craftsmen mastered rau lub zus tau tej cov tiaj iav. Lawv tshuab hollow lub daim ntawv thiab ces unrolled thiab txiav nws mus rau paib tiaj los xij.

Ib tug enormous pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov iav kev lag luam ua tus Venetian masters. Lawv siv nyob rau hauv lawv cov chaw ua hauj lwm tag nrho qhov tseeb technology ntawm lub sij hawm. Cov kev xav ntawm "Venetian iav", nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej hais txog qhov zoo ntawm thiab kev thov rau cov khoom. glassmaking secrets yog zoo guarded, li ntawd, txawv teb chaws neeg ua hauj lwm rau ntiav txwv tsis pub. Tom qab ntawd, tag nrho cov ntsiab ntau lawm yog tsiv mus rau cov kob ntawm Murano. Thiab rau hnub no, mus saib Ltalis, tourists sim mus yuav cov khoom ntawm tus naas ej Murano iav.

iav ntau lawm nyob rau hauv Russia

Archaeological excavations qhia tias tus masters ntawm Kievan Rus 'twb paub zoo tias mus rau lub kos duab ntawm lub khob siab, tab sis nws yog ib tug khoom siv tes ua, zoo li ntau lwm tus neeg, twb ploj lawm tom qab invasion ntawm lub Mongols.

Iav kev lag luam neeg ua hauj lwm hnub yog tseem nyob deb ntawm hais tias, tab sis nyob rau hauv 1630 muaj ib tug iav Hoobkas nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Dukhanino nyob ze Moscow, thiab nyob rau hauv 1669 pib zus tau tej cov iav rau cov kev xav tau ntawm lub palace ntawm cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv Izmailovo. Velikiy Petr caw qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob sab Europe masters, thiab khob cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia pib tsim sai heev. Muaj yog ib tug ntau ntawm lub xeev-muaj thiab private qhauj rau zus tau tej cov iav, thiab ib tug Lavxias teb sab niam yog loj sib txeeb cov teb chaws Europe.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, lub hnub ntawm lub khob lag luam yog hais tias tsis lom, tiam sis peb cov craftsmen tsis ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no me me thiab tag mastered rau lub ancient kos duab. Lub npe nrov creator ntawm cov pob zeb diamond qauv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab te Zubanova yeeb koob iav ntaub ntawv Russia. Thiab lub nroog ntawm Gus-Crystal los ua ib lub cim thiab kev txaus siab ntawm Lavxias teb sab siv lead ua ntau lawm.

Iav kev lag luam neeg ua hauj lwm hnub nyob rau hauv Russia

Niaj hnub no, kev ua lag luam yog tsim sai heev. Ua thiab mastered ib tug ntau yam ntawm hom ntawm cov khoom, lub loj hlob txhua xyoo ntawm domestic ntau lawm yog 10 mus rau 12%. Raws li kws txawj, lub domestic iav kev lag luam yog tsim ntse thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb feem ntawm lub teb chaws lub nyiaj txiag tej zaum. iav kev lag luam ua hauj lwm hnub no lom nyob rau hauv qhauj solemn txheej xwm thiab concerts, nws yog kev zoo siab rau tag nrho cov neeg uas nws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev los sis lwm txuas nrog rau lub iav.

Nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, Kaum ib hlis 19th xyoo twb muaj ib tug exhibition devoted mus rau kev txawj ntawm tus glassblowers. Saib nyob rau ntawm lawv zoo heev ua hauj lwm attracts neeg los ntawm thoob plaws lub teb chaws.

Peb paub tias thaum twg lub hnub ntawm lub khob lag luam Nws kev zoo siab rau nyob rau hauv Russia, thiab tsum rau siab ntso pab zoo siab rau peb niaj hnub masters nrog lawv cov kev nyiaj so koobtsheej.