Kawm Theory thiab Nws Hom

Tej hau kev kawm kev tshawb xav - yog ib tug neeg sab nraud ib feem ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawm pedagogy. Nws kuj hu ua didactics (los ntawm Greek "didaktikos" - mus kawm ntawv, instructing). Cov xib fwb nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm ancient Greece hu ua lub Didascalia, raws li lawv tau nyob rau hauv ib tug luag hauj lwm tsis tau tsuas yog muab rau cov neeg hluas tej kev txawj ntse, tab sis kuj mus coj lawv tseeb cov pej xeem. Maj mam, nyob rau hauv cov lus hais cov lus no tswvyim tau los ua ib tug contemptuous lub ntsiab lus: "muaj lub siab xav ntawm tag nrho cov mus qhia, ib yam nkaus thiab moralizatorstvovat".

Tab sis lub German xib fwb B. Rathke rov qab no lub sij hawm poob nqi - kos duab kev kawm ntawv los yog scientific theory ntawm kev kawm ntawv. Cov ua hauj lwm Yana Amosa Comenius "Great didactics" qhia hais tias qhov no kev tshawb xav siv tsis tau tsuas yog rau cov me nyuam tom tsev kawm ntawv, "nws qhia tag nrho cov nyob ib ncig ntawm," tab sis vim hais tias nws yog universal. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm peb lub neej, txhua txhua hnub peb kawm ib yam dab tsi tshiab, thiab yuav ua li cas zoo peb tau kawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau cov qauv ntawm cov nws cov ntawv. Txoj kev, hom kev kawm thiab hom didactics tsim nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej los ntawm xws li mas zaum li VI Zagvyazinsky, IJ Lerner, IP Podlas thiab JK Babanskii.

Yog li, cov niaj hnub xav ntawm kev qhia txog cov kev sis raug zoo thiab kev sib raug zoo "qhia ntawv rau" qhia rau cov txawj ntse ua ub no ntawm schoolchildren. Nws aims los txhim kho txoj kev kawm, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshiab zoo qhia technologies. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws piav thiab piav txog tus txheej txheem ntawm upbringing thiab kev kawm ntawv. Piv txwv li, didactics ntawm ntau theem ntawm txoj kev kawm txhawb txoj kev siv cov ntau yam ntaub ntawv thiab cov hau kev ntawm kev txawj ntse kev ua si: tus xib fwb - cov tub ntxhais kawm; tub ntxhais kawm ntawv - phau ntawv; tus me nyuam - cov chav kawm ntawv thiab lwm tus neeg.

Yog li, kev kawm kev tshawb xav hais tias cov kev txawj ntse peb muaj tsis absorbed nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej, tsis nyob rau hauv kev rho tawm, tiam sis nyob rau hauv kev sib haum xeeb nrog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lawv noj thiab lawv cov tswv yim daim ntawv sau npe. Txhua science nws muaj nws tus kheej tej pub: physics, Science News for KIDS, thiab lwm yam applied disciplines yog fundamentally sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm suab paj nruag los yog philosophy. Nyob rau qhov no hauv paus, kev kawm didactics allocates hom kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog ntseeg hais tias qhov no science ua ob lub ntsiab functions: lub theoretical (muab me nyuam kawm ntawv cov kev tswv yim) thiab cov tswv yim (instils lawv nrog tej yam kev txawj ntse).

Tab sis kuj yuav tsum tsis txhob las mees lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm ntawm pedagogy - kev kawm ntawv sab nraud tus neeg. Txiv neej yuav tsum tsis txhob tsuas kawm lub theoretical kev txawj ntse thiab thov lawv raws li nws piav qhia rau tus kws qhia, tab sis kuj yog ib tug muaj tswv yim mus kom ze rau cov kev siv ntawm cov thawj theories thiab practices nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tsim ib yam dab tsi tshiab. Qhov no cheeb tsam ntawm pedagogy twb hu ua "cov kev tshawb xav ntawm kev loj hlob kev kawm ntawv." Nws cov me nyuam yaus muab tso rau pem hauv ntej nyob rau hauv lub XVIII xyoo pua Pestalozzi, taw tes rau hais tias ib tug txiv neej los ntawm yug nteg siab ntawm txoj kev loj hlob. Cov hauj lwm ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv - los pab tsim cov muaj rab peev xwm mus rau lub hom phiaj zoo.

Soviet pedagogy raug raws li nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab cai uas txoj kev kawm ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau ua ntej, yuav ua rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub aptitudes thiab txuj ci ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm. Yog li ntawd, lub domestic kev kawm kev tshawb xav yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab cai nram no: ib theem siab ntawm kev nyuaj rau tag nrho lub chav kawm ntawv (payment rau lub feem ntau gifted cov me nyuam); primate theoretical cov khoom; ceev paced khoom tshaaj; khiav ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm txoj kev kawm nws tus kheej. Tsim kev kawm kws tsom rua lub peev xwm ntawm tus menyuam kawm ntawv rau "nplawm" lawv siab qhib.