"Kosygin kho kom zoo" - keeb kwm keeb kwm yav dhau

Alekseya Kosygina xam tau tias yog tsis tau tsuas yog ib txog tej tus neeg saib xyuas thiab ib tug neeg txawj, nquag organizer, tab sis kuj cov feem ntau ntse thiab paub qab hau Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm lub tsoom fwv rau tag nrho cov post-tsov rog lub sij hawm lub USSR.

Qhov no pab tau ib tug ntau thiab "Kosygin kho kom zoo" - tus thawj tom qab tsov rog nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sim market lub dav hlau ntawm txoj kev hloov ntawm lub Soviet kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Nws them tsis tau tsuas yog tag nrho cov ceg ntawm kev lag luam thiab ua liaj ua teb, tab sis kuj zoo tag nrho spheres ntawm lub neej.

"Kosygin kho kom zoo" yog aimed ntawm ua economic incentives thiab cov neeg muaj kev ywj pheej. Raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub Plenum ntawm lub CPSU nyob rau hauv 1965, nws tau txiav txim siab los kho tag nrho cov muaj qhauj. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev txiav txim tau thaum kawg ua rau kom cov efficiency ntawm lawv ua hauj lwm.

Muab, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus Gross, ua kom paub cov tswvyim ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev muag khoom, creation ntawm ib tug ntau fund ntawm lub nyiaj hli, tag nrho cov nqi ntawm centralized capital kev nqis peev. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tsim kho lub ua si ntawm lub qhauj ntawm cov nyiaj muab rau lawv tawm.

"Kosygin kho kom zoo" muaj ob peb hom phiaj: mus ntxiv dag zog rau txoj kev ntawm lub hwj chim, rov qab kho cov central ministries ntawm kev lag luam, abolition ntawm nyiaj txiag pawg sab laj.

Reform twb siv nyob rau hauv 1965 twb nrog cov Secretary General Leonid Brezhnev. Thiab yog hais tias nws dared kom txhob flywheel kho launched txawm nyob rau hauv nws cov thawj ntawm - Khrushchev, Kosygin economic kho kom zoo no yuav ua tau dhau lawm. Txawm tias tsis muaj kev hloov ntawm lub hwj chim, tsis muaj "palace" coup tsis tau mus rho tam sim no lub sij hawm thaum uas yuav tsum tau ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag.

Ua ntej qhov saws me nyuam ntawm cov kho kom zoo txhua kauj ruam ntawm collective enterprise twb tswj kom kawg nthuav dav, nws sim txhua yam los ntawm nyiaj txiag maneuvers. Nyob lub teb chaws, ua rau cov tub rog neeg ua hauj lwm system nrog nws hom lus hais tias: "nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus muab lub hom phiaj."

Lub teb chaws "Kosygin kho kom zoo" twb tau ntsib ambiguously. Muaj ntau ua lag ua luam executives pom nws raws li ib tug zoo lub sij hawm mus khwv tau nyiaj ntxiv, lwm leej lwm tus predicted lub kev khwv nyiaj txiag ntawm lub kawg cev qhuav dej.

Tuam txhab uas muag tau ua kev lag kev luam rau lawv tus kheej txaus, thiab yog li ntawd nrhiav kev ua kom lawv profits. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, kev hloov mus rau profitability spurred nce nqi nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws.

Txawm li cas los, raws li muaj ntau yam economists, thaum lub sij hawm "Kosygin kho kom zoo" nyob rau hauv lawv cov nyiaj txiag thiab kev sib raug zoo kev ua tau zoo yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov xyoo ntawm lub postwar lub sij hawm.

Txawm li cas los, cov kho kom zoo yog tsis zoo tag nrho: nws yog ib tug txheej ntawm contradictory thiab disparate kev daws teeb meem, raws li expansion ntawm autonomy ntawm qhauj nrog lub strengthening ntawm cov powers ntawm lub ministries.

Cov tag nrho taw tes yog hais tias siv ib tug neeg ua lag luam regulators nyob rau hauv qhov uas tsis yog-kev ua lag luam kom ua-kev tswj system, "Kosygin kho kom zoo" tsis tau muab cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau cov lag luam khwv nyiaj txiag - dawb mus rau lub cai tus nqi. Thiab qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, yog tas qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev tsav tsheb levers li profitability thiab profit. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub teb chaws tau pib ib tug thaum nce nqi, profits tsis los ntawm ua lub efficiency ntawm ntau lawm, tab sis vim hais tias ntawm lub artificially siab nqi, thiab ntau lwm yam teeb meem loj.

Uas yog vim li cas sai sai no rau sab saum toj tog coj noj coj ua xav tias nyob rau ntawm lawv meej hwj chim pib ua teeb meem kev hem thawj. Thiab los ntawm nruab nrab-70s kho kom zoo twb derailed, thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm nws twb tsis tau tiav.

Reformers, xws li nws tus kheej Kosygin, to taub hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los kho lub kev khwv nyiaj txiag, tsis yog qhov Soviet Union, thiab cov me nyuam yaus ntawm tus social system, ib txoj kev ntawm lub neej ntawm lub teb chaws. Txawm li cas los, lawv tsis sawv cev rau ib tug mechanism uas nws yuav tsum tau nqa tawm, tab sis yog paub hais tias lub "tus me nyuam" tsim los ntawm lawv yuav tau undermine lub hauv paus ntawm lub xeev thiab cuam tshuam rau stability ntawm lub teb chaws.