Lavxias teb sab epics txog heroes: pagan thiab Christian

Los ntawm ib tsab xov xwm raws lub npe "Lavxias teb sab epics ntawm heroes", thawj txhais ethnographic cov nqe lus ntawm lub saum toj no-hais title. Ethnographic ib feem ntawm epics txog heroes tsis tau overestimated. Rau centuries, cov neeg ua lag luam nyob rau hauv lawv notions ntawm kev ua siab loj, patriotism, ua raws li kev cai dab qhuas kev lig kev cai.

Lo lus "epic" yog tsim los ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij-ethnographer Ivanom Petrovichem Saharovym thaum pib ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo. Yog li ntawd, nws muaj ib tug txawj keeb kwm. Cov neeg muas thaum chiv thawj siv rau xa mus rau epic tales ntawm lub exploits ntawm ib tug txawv lub npe - "laus". Cov duab ntawm lub hero nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab epics sawv ob centuries tom qab lub teb chaws tau nws statehood. Ua ntej lub Mongol-Tatar quab nyob rau hauv Russia, nws tsuas tsis tau ua ib ke. Qhov tseeb muaj tseeb nrog qhov version hais txog lub keeb kwm ntawm nws Altai lus pab pawg neeg, uas muab tau los ntawm lo lus "batyr" tau siv nquag. Nyob rau hauv lub XIII xyoo pua nyob rau hauv lub Mongol Khan twb vaj tse Bagaturov - cov tub rog, differing lub dag lub zog uas zadokumenirovano keeb kwm. Rau lub Mongols, lo lus no los ntawm lub Sanskrit, nyob qhov twg "blagahara" meant - muaj hmoo.

Tam sim no - ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawm tsab xov xwm. Muaj ob theem ntawm kev tsim heroic epics. Tus thawj sib txuas ntxiv ntawm ib tug uas nws kim heev lub sij hawm, los ntawm lub sij hawm immemorial paganism rau cov ntseeg Vajtswv, piv txwv li, kom txog thaum lub reign ntawm tub huabtais Vladimir ntawm Kiev. Qhov thib ob pib nrog lub reign ntawm lub aforementioned tub huabtais - Baptist ntawm Rus, thiab twb nrog ib tug organic kev hloov rau qhov ncauj epic nta tus sau phau ntawv.

Pre-Christian tsim ntawm Lavxias teb sab epic heroes hais rau peb cov npe ntawm cov Volga Svyatoslavich, Mikita Selyaninovich, Svyatogora. Tag nrho cov ntawm cov cim muaj nta borrowed los ntawm pagan gods. Cov npe ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab epic heroes qhia lub ntsiab cim ntawm cov dab neeg, "Svyatogor thiab Mikula Selyaninovich", "Mikula thiab Volga Svyatoslavich Selyaninovich".

Niam giant Svyatogor - Cheese av, thiab nws tus txiv - "tsaus ntuj nti", piv txwv li ib tug neeg zoo los ntawm lwm lub ntiaj teb. Qhov no knight giant organically absorbed lub hwj chim ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm Lavxias teb sab av.

Mikula Selyaninovich (analogue - lub Greek hero Antaeus) - tsis yog ib tug loj heev, nws zoo - muaj zog loj txiv neej, tab sis muaj ib daim card hwj chim - nws yog heev akin mus rau lub ntub av. Thiab qhov no kev sib raug zoo yog inseparable mus rau lub point hais tias "koj muaj peev xwm tsis sib ntaus sib tua nrog nws." Tom qab ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm hloov mus rau cov ntseeg kev lig kev cai, cov duab Mikula maj kis nws cov ntsiab lus Nikolayu Chudotvortsu (Nikola vernal pagan nyiaj so koobtsheej lom rau 9 Tej zaum tau maj tig mus rau hauv ib tug caij nplooj ntoos hlav tsiab peb caug ntawm St. Nicholas.)

Cov duab ntawm lub Volga Svyatoslavich - lub feem ntau mysterious ntawm tag nrho cov series "Lavxias teb sab epics ntawm heroes." Tus heev keeb kwm ntawm lub npe yog txuam nrog kev ua khawv koob ethnographers - los ntawm lo lus "txawj ua yees siv". Nws - ib tug werewolf uas to taub cov lus ntawm cov noog thiab beasts. Feem ntau cov yuav, lub heev duab - muab tau los ntawm lub pagan vajtswv Volha mus yos hav zoov. Niam Volga - Martha V., thiab nws tus txiv - tus nab. Tales ntawm lub exploits ntawm Volga - keeb kwm, akin mus rau lub Viking epic qhia ntawm cov tub rog campaigns nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Asia thiab cov Indian cheeb tsam. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov khawv koob, raws li zoo raws li cov tub rog kev ua siab loj, nws nrhiav los yeej tshaj tw.

Ntsiab lus haiv neeg pre-Christian lub sij hawm, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias feem ntau ntawm cov dab neeg qhia txog cov primacy ntawm cov heroes Mikula Selyaninovich. Ntsib nrog Svyatogor, neeg pluag hero muaj nws ib tug nqa lub hnab mus rau hauv av, uas muab tso rau "tag nrho cov kev nyuaj siab ntawm lub ntiaj teb." Giant ua tsis tau tejyam, Mikula yeej, ua kom tiav cov kev kawm kev txiav txim nrog ib txhais tes. Nws zoo kawg li, thaum lub rooj sib tham nrog tus Volga, uas tau nug kom nws pab nyob rau hauv sau ntawm cov se. Koom Mikula recalled lub seem khais laij liag, thiab xav tias kheev lam coj nws nrog nws. Volga xa nws cov tub rog tom qab nws, ces tsav tsheb nws tus kheej. Tab sis tus luj ntawm no yam cuav zoo tshaj lawv cov powers. Ces lawv ntes tau mus nrog cov neeg pluag knight thiab yooj yim, heev casually ua yuav tsum tau. Nws tsis qhia seb tus general lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub saum toj no nyob rau hauv lub khiav ntawm lub primacy ntawm lub neeg pluag zog? Ntsiab lus epic pre-Christian lub sij hawm, ethnographers sau lub primacy ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm catholicity (generality) ntawm Russia.

Qhov thib ob txheej koom lub Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg ntu Vladimir. Christian "Lavxias teb sab epics txog heroes" pib qhuas tsis generalized, philosophical, mythological cim thiab tiag keeb kwm nuj nqis, "co-ua hauj lwm nrog zoo kev pab cuam" teb koj chaw. Central thiab yog centrifugally duab los sis Muromtsa. Nws yog tus hero ntawm lub voj voog, muaj txog 90 zaj dab neeg. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv - txog fights nrog Brigand, mlom thoob khib nyiab. Knight lub hom phiaj - kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv thiab Russia, thiab cov qauv ntawm cov nws siv - Christian, thiab ntau yeej, cov monastic kev pab cuam. "Silushka heroic" raws li ib tug khoom plig los ntawm "thov khawv-pass" yam ntxwv rov muab 33-xyoo-laus tuag tes tuag taw. Ua ntej nws tuag, nws xa nws cov silushku mighty Svyatogor. Txoj kev ua neej protagonist Lavxias teb sab epics - wandering. Vim li cas thiaj? Yog vim li cas nws tsis muaj tsis muaj tsev neeg, tsis muaj lub tsev? Tej zaum yog vim li cas - cov monastic cog lus, vim hais tias nws combines cov Christian feat wandering thiab ruam.

Cov tom ntej no tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hero ntawm lub Christian epic yog Dobrynya Nikitich. Qhov no duab nyob vim tus tswv xeev Dobrinja, txiv ntxawm ntawm tub huabtais Vladimir ntawm Kiev. Nws yog txuam nrog rau cov epics. Nws - servitor thaum Vladimir Liab tiv tshav ntuj kub Nws tus poj niam - Vasilisa Mikulishna ntxhais Mikula Selyaninovich. Cov feem ntau cov tawm feat yog nws yeej tshaj lub peb-taws hluav taws-ua pa nab Gorynych. Ntawm cov tales txog qhov no hero yog lub scene ntawm qhov kev sib ntaus nrog Iley Muromtsem - kev ntaus kis las, kev ncaj ncees, fraternization lawm, thiab ces - ib leeg phiaj los nqis tes. Los ntawm txoj kev, lub confrontation tsom "tsis muaj zog qhov chaw" nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau "hnub nyoog" ntawm Eliyas - "tsis muaj zog txaus sab laug sab caj npab" (obviously cuam tshuam txhab hmuv uas yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub relics ntawm tus dawb huv knight), sprained ko taw. Magnanimous Dobrynia tsis siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no kom muab tau cov hwjchim ci ntsa iab ntawm tus khiav.

Qhov thib peb lub voj voog ntawm tus naas ej knight - Alyosha Popovich. Qhov no ua cim qhia nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg txog ib tug duel nrog Tugarin nab thiab cov taleas "Zbrodovichey Muam." Tugarin - generalized duab ntawm warlike nomads, lossi zuj, robbing tua, nyuaj cov neeg raug kaw. Ib tug Olena Petrovna Zbrodovichey kwv tij viv ncaus - Slavic lus dab neeg ntawm sublime kev hlub ntawm ib tug poj niam, kawg ib tug zoo siab sib yuav. Cov tsab ntawm tus hero historians hu rau Rostov boyar Alexander (Oleshi) Popovic, tau nws zoo muab kev pab rau Vsevolod lub loj zes, thiab tom qab ntawd - nws tus tub Constantine Vsevolodovich. Lub heroic kev tuag ntawm tus hero tau thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub Kalka.

Cais Christian Lavxias teb sab epics txog heroes, nws yuav tsum tau lees hais tias lawv cov dluab pab mus rau tsim ntawm lub sab masses ntawm cov neeg cov kev xav ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab xeev thiab qhov yuav tsum tau rau selflessly pab cov motherland.