Lavxias teb sab nqi zog: tus tawm tsam thiab lub union

Nyob rau hauv lub XII-XV xyoo pua nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm feudal fragmentation nyob rau hauv Rus muaj xeev formations - ancient kingdoms. Nyob rau hauv lub X xyoo pua muaj yog tus xyaum, uas tau ua lub cai nyob rau hauv cov nram qab no xyoo pua, - lub tsev ntawm thaj av los zoo Lavxias teb sab princes, nws cov tub thiab cov txheeb ze, mus rau lub XII xyoo pua uas coj mus rau lub virtual disintegration ntawm lub qub Lavxias teb sab xeev.

txoj cai

Muaj nyob rau hauv nws lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib ntawm thaj av thiab lub hwj chim, qhov no zoo ntawm cov neeg ua tuav ntawm lub hwj chim sai pib sib txeeb ua economic thiab kev nom kev tswv kev ywj pheej los ntawm qhov chaw thiab qhov no hampered txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab principalities. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub princes ntawm hom Rurik (tshwj tsis yog rau Novgorod, uas twb sawv cev ib tug qauv dog dig zoo li cov koom pheej) yuav ua sovereign rulers uas tso siab rau lawv cov thawj coj apparatus, muaj raws ntawm ib tug serviceman chav kawm ntawv, thiab tau txais ib feem ntawm cov tau nyaij los ntawm lub subordinated territories. Feudatories (ua nom ua tswv) nrog senior ua hauj lwm ntawm cov txiv plig twb Boyar Duma - noj kev haus thiab tawm tswv yim lub cev. Tub huabtais yog lub ntsiab lub tswv ntawm lub teb chaws, ib co kev uas sawv daws khoom ib rau nws tus kheej, thiab tseem yuav tshuav nws pov tseg raws li ib tug hwv kav, thiab lawv tau muab faib nruab nrab demesne cov khoom ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, tuav zwj ceeb boyars thiab lawv cov tub qhe.

Lavxias teb sab principalities nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm fragmentation

Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm fragmentation nyob rau hauv Russia socio-thoj qauv raws li ib tug system ntawm feudal ntaiv. Kom txog thaum lub XII xyoo pua Kievan Rus thiab lub Lavxias teb sab principalities raug rau tej hierarchies ntawm lub hwj chim. Grand tub huabtais ntawm Kiev taws lub feudal hierarchy, ces qhov no raws li txoj cai no mas yuav kis thiab Galicia-Volyn Vladimir-Suzdal princes. Central hierarchy nyob los ntawm cov rulers ntawm cov loj principalities li Chernigov, Polotsk, Vladimir-Volyn, Rostov-Suzdal, Turov-Pinsk, Smolensk, Murom-Ryazan, Galician. Thaum tus nqi qis tshaj theem twb ua nom ua tswv thiab lawv vassals (ua hauj lwm pab ib tug neeg nyob ntawm Untitled nom tswv cajceg).

Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub XI xyoo pua, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev puas tsuaj loj principalities, thiab nrog rau feem ntau tsim ua liaj ua teb principalities - Kyiv thiab Chernihiv cheeb tsam. Txij li thaum lub kawg ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub XII mus rau lub XIII xyoo pua, no sib lem mus rau hauv ib tug universal phenomenon. Haum sai fragmentation yog nyob rau hauv Kiev, Chernigov, Murom-Ryazan, Turov-Pinsk principalities. Nyob rau hauv ib tug tsawg mob siab heev degree nws muaj kev txhawj xeeb lub Smolensk nqi zog, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub Rostov-Suzdal thiab Galicia-Volyn nqi zog cov sij hawm Crushing tseg alternated nrog ib ntus koom haum ua teb nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm lub "laus" kav. Tag nrho lub sij hawm no lub Novgorod av yog tau muaj nom tswv kev ntseeg siab.

cov yeeb ncuab

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm feudal fragmentation pib mus ua si ib tug lossis loj lub luag hauj lwm tag nrho-Lavxias teb sab thiab lub regional princely congresses. Lawv tau sib tham txog lub sab hauv thiab sab nraud nom tswv tej teeb meem. Tab sis lawv yuav tsis nres lub dispersion txheej txheem. Qhov no lub sij hawm ntawd thiab coj kom zoo dua ntawm lub Tatar-Mongol hordes, Lavxias teb sab teb chaws thiab nqi zog ntawm Guj kuj yuav tsis koom rog rau thaum nws lwm aggression thiab thiaj li poob ib co ntawm cov loj heev ib ncig ntawm nws sab qab teb-western thiab western pawg neeg thaj av uas tom qab devastated los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Batu Khan nyob rau hauv XIII-XIV centuries tau kov yeej Lithuania (Polotskoye, Kiev, Pereyaslavskoe, Chernigovskoye, Turovo-Pinsky, Smolenskoye, Vladimir-Volynskoye) thiab Poland (Galitskoe). Muaj tsuas yog nws tus kheej Northeast Russia (Novgorod , Murom, Ryazan thiab Vladimir av).

Tam sim no Lavxias teb sab kingdoms lub koom haum yuav pib nrog. XIV thiab n. Ntawm XVI caug xyoo. "Sau" los ntawm cov Moscow Princes Lavxias teb sab tsoom fwv tau pom rau lub restoration ntawm cov kev sib sau.

Lavxias teb sab feudal principalities

National feem rau lub Lavxias teb sab princes yog tus liberation ntawm Russia los ntawm lub yoke ntawm Golden Horde thiab cov nyiaj txiag rov qab, thiab yuav ua li cas no nws yog tsim nyog los sib sau ua ke tag nrho, tab sis ib tug neeg yuav tsum tau sawv ntsug nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, nws qhia ob tug muaj zog thawj coj - Moscow thiab Tver. Tver nqi zog twb tsim nyob rau hauv 1247 thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm tus yau tij laug ntawm Aleksandra Nevskogo - Jaroslav Yaroslavovych. Tom qab nws tus tij laug tuag, nws tau los ua tswv xeev ntawm lub Tver nqi zog (1263-1272 gg.), Uas yog ces cov haib tshaj nyob rau hauv Russia. Txawm li cas los, nws yog nyob rau hauv lub taub hau ntawm lub unification txheej txheem.

Los ntawm XIV xyoo pua sai heev nce mus Moscow, ua ntej lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm cov Tatar-Mongol nws yog ib tug me ntsis borderline kwv uas Vladimir-Suzdal nqi zog, tab sis los ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub XIV xyoo pua los ua ib qho tseem ceeb nom tswv chaw. Thiab tag nrho vim hais nws nyob ib tug heev paaj thaj txoj hauj lwm. Los ntawm sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub hordes them nws Ryazan thiab Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod nqi zog, los ntawm cov qaum teb hnub poob - Novgorod thiab Tver nqi zog. Hav zoov nyob ib ncig ntawm Moscow twb tau lawm rau cavalry, lub Tatar-Mongol. Yog li ntawd, cov inflow ntawm cov pejxeem nyob rau hauv cov neeg pej xeem Principality ntawm Moscow Lavxias teb sab ntau zog tshuam. Muaj pib tsim lub khoom siv tes thiab ua liaj ua teb. Moscow kuj los ua ib tug haib chaw ntawm lub teb chaws thiab waterways, thiab qhov no pab kom cov lag luam tawm, thiab cov tub rog tswv yim.

Moscow

Los ntawm cov dej Moscow thiab Oka Duchy ntawm Moscow tuaj tawm mus rau lub Volga thiab nws cov tributaries los ntawm ntaus nqi mus rau Novgorod av. Saj zawg zog txoj cai ntawm lub Moscow princes kuj muab zoo tshwm sim, raws li lawv muaj peev xwm tau yeej ntau tshaj qhov lwm Lavxias teb sab principalities thiab lub tsev teev ntuj. Qhov tus tsim ntawm lub Moscow princes ntawm lub dynasty los ua Daniil Aleksandrovich - tus yau tus tub ntawm Aleksandra Nevskogo (1276-1303 gg.). Nyob rau hauv nws txoj cai, lub nqi zog ntawm Moscow ho nce nws lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv 1301 nws tau tsiv mus rau Kolomna, yeej nyob rau hauv lub Ryazan None. Nyob rau hauv 1302, Pereyaslav tub vaj ntxwv, uas twb tsis muaj cov me nyuam, bequeathed nws muaj Moscow. Nyob rau hauv 1303 nyob rau hauv Moscow, nws tuaj koom Mozhaisk. Peb lub xyoo nws ob npaug rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Moscow nqi zog, thiab nws tau ua ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj ntawm Russia.

Mozhaysk - thaum pib ntawm lub Moscow dej, thiab Kolomna - ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm tus dej yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tswj ntawm lub Moscow princes. Pereslavl-Zaleski - ib qho ntawm lub fertile chaw - tom qab switching rau lub Moscow nqi zog muaj hwj chim loj ntxiv dag zog rau nws lub peev xwm. Yog li ntawd, tus tub huabtais ntawm Moscow pib ntoog nrog Tver rau cov poj reign. Raws li ib tug senior ceg ntawm Tver, Michael Yaroslavovich tub huabtais tau txais lub Horde txoj cai rau tus poj reign.

Ces nyob rau hauv Moscow, txojcai, Yury ntawm Moscow, uas twb muaj txij nkawm rau tus muam ntawm lub Khan Uzbek Konchak (tom qab ua kevcai raus dej Agafia). Khan muab nws txoj cai rau lub zwm txwv. Ces Michael nyob rau hauv 1315 yeej lub tub cheev xwm ntawm Yuri thiab yuav nws tus poj niam, leej twg tuag tom qab nyob rau hauv Tver. Mikhail tua lub caij mus rau lub Horde. Nyob rau hauv 1325 George tua tus hlob tus tub ntawm Mihaila Tverskogo - Formidable Dimitri ob lub qhov muag, tom qab uas rhuav tshem cov Khan Uzbek, raws li Uzbek Khan caum ib txoj cai ntawm grazing Lavxias teb sab princes, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub Great Principality ntawm Tver yog Duke Alexander Mikhailovich (1326-1327 gg.).

Lub uprising nyob rau hauv Tver

Nyob rau hauv 1327 muaj ib lub uprising nyob rau hauv Tver tiv thaiv txheeb ze Uzbek clicks. Lub rebels tua ntau Tatars. Moscow tub huabtais Ivan Danilovich Kalita (1325-1340 gg.), Noj kom zoo dua ntawm lub caij, tuaj rau Tver mus rau lub Tatar-Mongols thiab suppressed cov neeg npau taws. Txij thaum ntawd los, daim ntawv lo rau poj reign yog nyob rau hauv lub Moscow princes. Kalita tswj kom tau ib tug nyob ze kev twb kev txuas nrog lub tsev teev ntuj cov tub ceev xwm nyob rau hauv Moscow. Yog li ntawd, lub Metropolitan Peter tsiv mus nyob rau hauv Moscow. Los ntawm lub sij hawm uas, Moscow tau ua tsis tau tsuas yog ideological, tab sis kuj cov kev cai dab qhuas qhov chaw ntawm Russia. Thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Ivan Kalita cov tub Xime-oos siab (1340-1353 gg.) Thiab Ivan Liab (1353-1359 gg.) Yuav kom lub Duchy ntawm Moscow twb koom Kostroma, Dmitrov, Starodubsky av thiab ib feem ntawm cov Kaluga av.

Don

Tub huabtais Dmitry (1359-1389 gg.) Yog 9 xyoo pib tswj lub Moscow nqi zog. Ib zaug ntxiv, tus tawm tsam rau lub zwm txwv ntawm Vladimir Grand. Tw ntawm Moscow pib tab neeg txhawb lub Horde. Lub cim kev kawm tau zoo thiab yeej ntawm lub Moscow nqi zog yog cov kev siv ntawm cov dawb-pob zeb Kremlin, uas yog tus tsuas yog fortress thiab pob zeb tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj Russia. Los ntawm no Moscow muaj peev xwm mus tua neeg pab leg ntaubntawv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov-Lavxias teb sab kev coj noj coj Tver, Nizhny Novgorod thiab ua lub Lithuanian Grand Duke Algirdas. Nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm Moscow hloov qhov nqi koj tshuav ntawm rog nyob rau hauv Russia.

Thiab lub Horde rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub XIV xyoo pua pib lub sij hawm ntawm lub weakening ntawm central lub hwj chim thiab lub tawm tsam rau lub imperial zwm txwv. Nyob rau hauv 1377 tus dej yog ib tug qaug dej qaug cawv sib ntaus sib tua collisions qhov twg Horde crushed Muscovite pab tub rog. Tab sis ib xyoos tom qab nyob rau hauv 1378 nyob rau hauv tus dej Vozha troops Murza Begich yeej Dmitry.

Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kulikovo

Nyob rau hauv 1380 Khan Mamai txiav txim siab los muab lub dominance ntawm Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av ntawm lub Golden Horde. Nws teamed nrog lub Lithuanian tub huabtais Jagiello, thiab lawv tsiv mus Russia. Tub huabtais Dmitry nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd coj ib yam nkaus li ib tug txawj ntse commander. Nws tsiv mus rau tus Tatars thiab hla tus Don, qhov uas nws koom nyob rau hauv sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov yeeb ncuab nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej lub teb chaws. Qhov thib ob ua hauj lwm nws yog mus sib ntaus sib tua yuav tsis muab Mamai muab rog nrog Jagiello.

Cuaj hlis 8, 1380 nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kulikov thaum sawv ntxov yog pos huab, cia li 11 hnub no pib ib match lub Lavxias teb sab tub rog-monk Peresvet thiab lub Tartar warrior Chelubey. Tatar thawj tsoo lub advanced Lavxias teb sab tso kom muaj kab muaj kev, thiab kuv niam tau kovyeej, tab sis, ces ntaus los ntawm lub flank tos kev tua tso kom muaj kab muaj kev magistrates Dmitry Bobrok-Volintsev thiab tub huabtais Vladimira Serpuhovskogo. Los ntawm 15 teev rau hauv tsov rog yog tag nrho cov meej. Tatars khiav, thiab rau generalship nqis pib hu Dmitri Donskoi. Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kulikovo considerably tsis muaj zog txaus lub hwj chim ntawm lub Horde, uas tom qab thaum kawg muaj leej twg paub lub supremacy ntawm Moscow tshaj lub Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av.

Tokhtamysh

Mamay khiav tom qab lub yeej nyob rau hauv Kafu (Feodosiya), qhov uas nws raug tua. Tus kav ntawm lub Horde thaum Khan los ua Tokhtamysh. Nyob rau hauv 1382 nws mam li nco dheev rov Moscow. Thaum lub sij hawm Don yog tawm ntawm lub zos, ces nws tau mus rau sab qaum teb mus sau ib tug tshiab se. Cov pejxeem bravely tiv thaiv los ntawm Workers tus tiv thaiv ntawm Moscow. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, Tokhtamysh outsmarted lawv, pheej tsis mus plunder lub nroog, thiab mus sib ntaus sib tua xwb tiv thaiv cov Don. Tab sis, nws khiav mus rau Moscow, nws yeej lub nroog, thiab overlaid nws Tribute.

Ua ntej nws tuag, Don muab txoj cai mus rau lub zoo reign ntawm Vladimir rau nws tus tub Vasily kuv, tsis tau nug cov Horde txoj cai rau daim ntawv lo. Yog li merged Lavxias teb sab principalities - Moscow thiab Vladimir.

Timur

Nyob rau hauv 1395 tus kav Timur Tamerlane, kov yeej Central Asia, Persia, Siberia, Baghdad, Is Nrias teb, Qaib ntxhw, mus rau lub Horde thiab txov nws, thiab ces tsiv mus rau Moscow. Basil kuv los ntawm lub sij hawm no sau los ua ke ib tug militia nyob rau hauv Kolomna. Nyob rau hauv Moscow los ntawm Vladimir coj Tog ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab av - lub icon ntawm lub Vladimir Leej niam ntawm Vajtswv. Thaum nyob rau hauv lub quarter thib ob Timur mus rau Moscow thiab nyob nyob rau hauv Yelets cheeb tsam, ces tom qab ib pliag, nws mam li nco dheev hloov nws lub siab mus rau Russia. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, nws yog txuam nrog rau cov tshwm sim ntawm kev npau suav Timur feem ntau ntawm niam Mary.

Feudal kev tsov kev rog thiab lub Union ntawm Florence

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Basil kuv nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub XIV caug xyoo, lub nriaj ntawm Lavxias teb sab principalities thiab strife, hu ua "feudal kev tsov kev rog." Nyob rau hauv lub Moscow nqi zog nrog nws cov tub thiab tom qab ntawd xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv Dmitry Donskoy yog ib tug tiag tiag sib ntaus sib tua rau lub muaj lub zwm txwv. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws tau mus Vasily II lub Tsaus, Muscovy nce li no lub sij hawm los ntawm 30 lub sij hawm.

Basil II tsis kam txais lub union (1439) thiab sawv ntsug nyob rau hauv lub primacy ntawm lub pope. Qhov no union twb yuam nyob rau hauv lub pretext uas yuav txuag tau Russia los ntawm Byzantium, Ottoman. Zog ntawm Guj kuj Tsam Isidore (Greek), uas txaus siab rau union, tam sim ntawd deposed. Thiab ces Metropolitan Npis Sov Yaunas ua Ryazan. Nws yog tus pib ntawm lub ywj pheej ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm cov Patriarchate ntawm Constantinople.

Tom qab lub conquest ntawm Constantinople los ntawm cov Ottomans nyob rau hauv 1453, lub taub hau ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Koom Txoos tau pib los txhais nyob rau hauv Moscow. Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj khwb khuav txhawb cov tawm tsam rau lub unification ntawm Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av. Tam sim no lub nriaj rau lub hwj chim twb tsis cais Lavxias teb sab principalities, thiab nws taug kev mus rau hauv lub princely lub tsev. Tab sis qhov uas muaj qhov Great Lavxias teb sab xeev los ua irreversible, thiab tag nrho cov los ua pom tau hais tias raws li lub peev Moscow.