Leej twg nrhiav tau electromagnetic vuag? Electromagnetic vuag - rooj. Hom ntawm electromagnetic vuag

Electromagnetic vuag (Rooj uas yuav tsum tau muab rau hauv qab no) sawv cev rau cov ntxaug ntawm lub magnetic thiab hluav taws xob teb cov faib nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Lawv muaj ob peb hom. Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov teeb yog koom nyob rau hauv physics. Electromagnetic tsis muaj generated vim lub fact tias cov hluav taws xob alternating magnetic teb generates, thiab qhov no nyob rau hauv lem generates hluav taws xob.

Keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb

Tus thawj txoj kev xav, uas yuav tsum tau suav hais tias yog hiob variants ntawm electromagnetic vuag ntawm hypotheses, yog tsawg kawg yog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Huygens. Thaum lub sij hawm, speculation txog quantified txoj kev loj hlob. Huygens nyob rau hauv 1678, lub xyoo ua ib yam ntawm cov "qhia" kev tshawb xav - "treatise rau lub ntiaj teb no". Nyob rau hauv 1690 nws kuj luam tawm lwm zoo heev ua hauj lwm. Nws tau raug hais lub zoo hom phiaj ntawm rog xav txog, refraction nyob rau hauv daim ntawv nyob rau hauv uas nws yog hnub no sawv cev nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv phau ntawv kawm ( "Electromagnetic vuag", qib kawm 9).

Nrog rau qhov no twb tau formulated Huygens 'kuj. Nrog nws ua tau mus kawm rau hauv lub suab ntawm lub yoj pem hauv ntej. Qhov no txoj ntsiab cai rau yav tom ntej pom nws txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Fresnel. Huygens-Fresnel ntsiab cai muaj tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb xav ntawm diffraction thiab nthwv dej kev tshawb xav ntawm lub teeb.

Nyob rau hauv 1660-1670 xyoo ntawm tus loj npaum li cas ntawm kev sim thiab theoretical pab tau ua nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no Hooke thiab Newton. Leej twg nrhiav tau electromagnetic vuag? Leej twg thwmsim tau ua los ua pov thawj lawv lub neej? Yuav ua li cas yog cov sib txawv ntawm cov electromagnetic vuag? Nyob rau qhov no tom qab.

ua neeg ncajncees Maxwell

Ua ntej peb yuav tham txog leej twg sab electromagnetic vuag, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias tus thawj tus paub txog uas kwv yees lawv lub neej nyob rau hauv kev, tau ua Faraday. Nws hypothesis nws muab tso rau pem hauv ntej nyob rau hauv 1832, lub xyoo. Siv cov kev faib kev tshawb xav tom qab koom nyob rau hauv Maxwell. Los ntawm 1865, lub cuaj xyoo nws tau ua tiav txoj hauj lwm. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, Maxwell nruj me ntsis muaj kev xyuam xim kev tshawb xav, pum lub hav zoov ntawm cov phenomena nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas. Nws kuj tau txiav txim tshaj tawm los ntawm hais tawm ntawm electromagnetic vuag, coincide nrog rau cov nqi ces siv lub teeb ceev. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, tso cai rau nws mus substantiate lub hypothesis uas teeb yog ib hom ntawm hluav taws xob suav hais tias.

sim nrhiav kom tau

Maxwell lub kev tshawb xav tau paub tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub thwmsim ntawm Hertz nyob rau hauv 1888. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias tus German physicist ua nws thwmsim rau refute cov kev tshawb xav, txawm nws muaj kev xyuam xim hauv paus. Txawm li cas los, ua tsaug rau nws thwmsim Hertz yog tus thawj uas pheej nrhiav tau lwm electromagnetic tsis nyob rau hauv xyaum. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm lawv thwmsim, zaum no tau pom cov zog thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm hluav taws xob.

Electromagnetic Tsis Hertz tau txais vim lub excitation mem tes series ntawm sai ntws nyob rau hauv lub vibrator los ntawm txoj kev high voltage qhov chaw. High zaus currents yuav kuaj tau los ntawm lub Circuit Court. Lub oscillation zaus nyob rau tib lub yuav tsum yog tus ntau dua, ntau dua qhov lub capacitance thiab inductance. Tab sis qhov no siab zaus yog tsis muaj guarantee siab txaus. Yuav kom lawv thwmsim, Hertz siv ib tug ncaj yooj yim ntaus ntawv, uas yog tam sim no hu ua - "dipole kav hlau txais xov". Tus ntaus ntawv yog ib qho oscillation Circuit Court ntawm qhib hom.

Tsav kev Hertz

Sau npe tawg twb nqa tawm los ntawm txhais tau tias ntawm lub tau txais vibrator. Qhov no ntaus ntawv muaj cov tib qauv raws li hais tias ntawm lub emitting ntaus ntawv. Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm electromagnetic yoj hluav taws xob alternating teb excitation tam sim no hloov mus hloov los tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub txais ntaus ntawv. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv no ntaus ntawv nws tej zaus thiab zaus ntawm flux coincide, lub resonance tshwm. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ntxaug tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug txais tos apparatus nrog ib tug ntau dua amplitude. Soj ntsuam tim khawv rau lawv, saib lub sparks ntawm conductors nyob rau hauv ib tug me me kis.

Yog li, Hertz yog tus thawj uas pheej nrhiav tau lwm electromagnetic vuag, muaj pov thawj lawv muaj peev xwm muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo nyob rau hauv lub conductors. Lawv yuav luag txaus cai lub tsim ntawm ib tug sawv teeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, Hertz txiav txim tshaj tawm los ntawm hais tawm ntawm electromagnetic tsis nyob rau hauv cov huab cua.

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm

Electromagnetic vuag propagate nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, uas yog lawm ua tus sau nrog ib yam khoom uas ntawm hluav taws xob yuav nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub muab faib zoo txaus. Tab sis lawv me ntsis hloov lawv tus cwj pwm.

Electromagnetic vuag nyob rau hauv vacuo txiav txim tsis muaj attenuation. Lawv muab faib rau tej arbitrarily loj deb. Tus thawj xib fwb yam ntxwv xws li polarization tsis, zaus thiab ntev. Hauj lwm ntawm cov khoom yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm electrodynamics. Txawm li cas los, cov tawg yam ntxwv ntawm ib co thaj tsam ntawm lub spectrum yog koom nyob rau hauv tej thaj chaw uas muaj physics. Cov no muaj xws li, piv txwv li, tej zaum yuav muaj xws li optics.

Kawm nyuaj electromagnetic tawg ntawm luv luv-yoj spectral kawg ntawm lub seem deals nrog siab zog. Muab lub zog ntawm niaj hnub lub tswv yim tsis tu tsis tseg rau lawv tus kheej kev qhuab qhia thiab ua ke nrog cov uas qaug zog kev sib tshuam nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshawb xav.

Ziag thov nyob rau hauv kev kawm cov khoom

Niaj hnub no muaj nyob ua ib ke ntau txoj kev rau yooj yim modeling thiab kawm thaj chaw ntawm qhia thiab deeg. Feem ntau yog siv los ntawm pov thawj thiab tag nrho cov kev tshawb xav ntawm quantum electrodynamics yog suav hais tias. Therefrom los ntawm ib tug los yog lwm yam simplifications ua tau kom tau raws li nram no txoj kev, uas yog dav siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb.

Hauj lwm nrog rau kev hwm mus tsawg zaus tawg nyob rau hauv lub macroscopic ib puag ncig yog nqa tawm los ntawm txoj kev classical electrodynamics. Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv Maxwell tus sib npaug. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov, muaj daim ntaub ntawv mus piv rau. Thaum kawm kho qhov muag optics siv. Nthwv dej ziag no thov nyob rau hauv tus neeg mob qhov twg ib txhia qhov chaw hauv lub kho qhov muag system ntawm qhov luaj li cas nyob ze rau qhov wavelength. Quantum optics yog siv thaum ntau yam pauv loj scattering dab yog, haum ntawm photons.

Geometric kho qhov muag ziag - lub limiting cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv uas lub wavelength ntawm kev tsis saib xyuas tso cai. Tseem muaj ob peb applied thiab siv seem. Cov no muaj xws, piv txwv li, xws li astrophysics, txog biology ntawm lub zeem muag thiab photosynthesis, photochemistry. Yuav ua li cas yog txwv kom muab zais electromagnetic vuag? Lub rooj kom meej meej qhia tau hais tias lub tsev rau cov pab pawg neeg yog li nram no.

kev faib

Muaj zaus yog hom twg ntawm electromagnetic vuag. Nruab nrab ntawm lawv, yog tsis muaj sai zaus, tej zaum lawv sib tshooj. Ib thaj tsam nruab nrab ntawm lawv yog es txheeb ze. Vim lub fact tias cov khiav yog faib tsis tu ncua, lub zaus yog rigidly txuam nrog qhov ntev. Hauv qab no yog cov hom twg ntawm electromagnetic vuag.

Ultrashort teeb yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv micrometer (sub-millimeter), millimeter, centimeter, decimeter, 'meter'. Yog hais tias lub wavelength ntawm electromagnetic tawg ntawm tsawg tshaj li ib lub 'meter', ces nws hu ua oscillation ntawm super siab zaus (SHF).

Hom ntawm electromagnetic vuag

Saum toj no, yog hom twg ntawm electromagnetic vuag. Yuav ua li cas yog cov sib txawv ntawm cov tsev? Group ntawm ionizing tawg xws li gamma thiab X-rays. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias yog muaj peev xwm mus ionize atoms thiab ultraviolet lub teeb, thiab txawm pom lub teeb. Lub margins uas yog gamma thiab X-ray flux, txhais heev zwj ceeb. Raws li ib tug general orientation txais txwv 20 eV - 0.1 MeV. Gamma-ntws nyob rau hauv lub vos kev txiav txim zoo tawm txim liab los ntawm lub nucleus, X - e-atomic plhaub thaum lub sij hawm ncaws los ntawm qhov uas tsis muaj-dag orbits ntawm electrons. Txawm li cas los, qhov no faib tsis siv rau ib qho nyuaj tawg generated tsis muaj nuclei thiab atoms.

X-ray flux generated thaum decelerating ceev them hais (protons, electrons, thiab lwm tus) thiab yog li ntawd cov txheej txheem uas tau tshwm sim hauv lub atomic electron zoo li. Gamma oscillations tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm dab nyob rau hauv lub atomic nuclei thiab cov conversion of elementary hais.

xov tooj cua ntws

Vim lub loj tseem ceeb ntawm cov lengths ntawm qhov kev xam ntawm cov tsis yuav tsum nqa tawm tsis tau noj mus rau hauv tus account lub atomistic qauv ntawm qhov nruab nrab. Raws li ib qho kev zam mus ua hauj lwm tsuas yog cov luv luv ntws uas yog nyob ib sab mus rau lub infrared cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj cua quantum zog oscillations tshwm sim heev zog. Cuaj kaum, lawv yuav tsum tau xav txog, piv txwv li, thaum Ntsuam xyuas cov molecular qauv ntawm lub sij hawm thiab pes tsawg zaus thaum lub sij hawm txias apparatus mus rau ib tug kub ntawm ib tug ob peb degrees Kelvin.

Quantum zog yog npaum li cas mus rau hauv tus account nyob rau hauv qhov kev piav qhia ntawm oscillators thiab amplifiers nyob rau hauv lub millimeter thiab centimeter yog hom twg. Xov tooj cua qhov yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm lub zog ntawm AC conductors tsim nyog zaus. A dua electromagnetic tsis nyob rau hauv qhov chaw excites ib alternating tam sim no, coj mus rau nws. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse yog siv nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm antennas nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj cua.

pom flows

Ultraviolet thiab infrared tawg yog pom nyob rau hauv lub sab siab ntawm lo lus thiaj li hu ua kho qhov muag spectral cheeb tsam. Thas xim rau cov cheeb tsam no yog tshwm sim los tsis tau tsuas yog qhov sib thooj ntawm cov duas paub chaw, tab sis yog zoo li tus pab kiag li lawm siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev kawm thiab tsim tsuas yog nyob rau txoj kev tshawb no pom lub teeb. Cov no muaj xws, nyob rau hauv particular, cov iav thiab lo ntsiab muag rau ntawm lub tawg, diffraction gratings, prisms, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Zaus kho qhov muag tsis yog piv rau cov neeg ntawm lub lwg me me thiab lub atoms, thiab kav ntev npaum cas - nrog intermolecular ncua kev thiab molecular qhov ntev. Yog li ntawd qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv koj daim teb no yog tshwm sim uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm lub atomic qauv ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Tib yam vim li, teeb nrog nthwv dej thiab muaj ib tug quantum zog.

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm kho qhov muag ntws

Lub nto moo tshaj plaws qhov chaw yog lub hnub. Star nto (photosphere) muaj ib tug kub ntawm 6000 ° Kelvin, thiab emit kaj lub teeb dawb. Qhov siab tshaj plaws nqi ntawm cov tas mus spectrum yog nyob rau hauv lub "ntsuab" cheeb tsam - 550 nm. Muaj kuj yog ib tug tshaj plaws nrig txog kev pom rhiab heev. Hloov mus hloov los nyob rau hauv lub kho qhov muag ntau yam tshwm sim thaum rhuab lub cev. Infrared flows yog li ntawd kuj raug xa mus rau raws li thaum tshav kub kub.

Lub muaj zog cov cua kub cev yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw, ntau dua qhov lub zaus nyob qhov twg cov spectrum yog siab tshaj plaws. incandescence cai nyob ib yam kub yog tsa (glow nyob rau hauv qhov pom ntau yam). Thaum nws thawj zaug tshwm liab, ces daj thiab ces. Tsim thiab sau npe ntawm kho qhov muag txaus yuav tshwm sim tau nyob rau hauv lom thiab tshuaj haum, ib tug ntawm cov uas yog siv nyob rau hauv cov kev yees duab. Rau feem ntau creatures nyob rau lub ntiaj teb raws li ib tug lub zog qhov chaw ua photosynthesis. Qhov no lom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv tus ntawm tus kho qhov muag hnub ci tawg.

Nta ntawm electromagnetic vuag

Cov khoom ntawm qhov nruab nrab thiab qhov chaw cuam tshuam rau flow yam ntxwv. Yog li ntawd mounted, nyob rau hauv particular, lub sij hawm nyob tos ntawm lub teb, uas qhia txog cov khiav hom. Piv txwv li, thaum qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub vibrator (ua) cov voos kheej-kheej ntawm curvature yuav ntau dua. Cov no ib tug dav hlau electromagnetic yoj. Sis nrog rau cov khoom no tshwm sim raws li txawv. Lub haum thiab emission dab fluxes yuav feem ntau yuav piav siv classical electrodynamic ratios. Rau tsis kho qhov muag ntau yam thiab qhov ntau nyuaj-rays yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account lawv quantum xwm.

qhov chaw ntws

Txawm tias lub cev sib txawv, qhov txhia chaw - nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam khoom uas, ib tug TV transmitter, lub teeb - electromagnetic tsis muaj siab heev los ntawm hluav taws xob nqi uas tsiv mus nyob nrog acceleration. Muaj ob lub ntsiab hom qhov chaw: me thiab macroscopic. Tus thawj tshwm sim sai hloov ntawm tus them hais los ntawm ib tug mus rau ib theem nyob rau hauv lub lwg me me los yog atoms.

Me qhov chaw emit X-ray, gamma, ultraviolet, infrared, pom, thiab nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, ntev-yoj tawg. Raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub yav tas yog lub hydrogen spectral kab uas sau raws nkaus Ii mus rau ib tug yoj ntawm 21 cm. Qhov no tshwm sim yog tshwj xeeb yog ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv xov tooj cua astronomy.

Qhov chaw macroscopic hom sawv cev emitters nyob rau hauv uas free electrons conductors no yog ua los synchronous periodic oscillation. Nyob rau hauv lub nruab ntawm pawg no yog generated tsev los ntawm millimeter rau lub coos (nyob rau hauv hwj chim kav).

Tus qauv thiab lub dag lub zog ntawm tsev

Ib tug hluav taws xob xwb tsiv nrog acceleration thiab hloov tsis tseg currents cuam tshuam rau txhua lwm yam uas muaj tej yam rog. Lawv magnitude thiab cov kev taw qhia yog nyob rau ntawm tej yam tseem ceeb raws li qhov luaj li cas thiab configuration ntawm lub teb, uas muaj cov currents thiab nqi, lawv magnitude thiab txheeb ze coj. Tshuam los ntawm qhov hluav taws xob yam ntxwv thiab cov kev nruab nrab raws li tau zoo raws li cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv them nyiaj concentration thiab tis ntawm cov chaw currents.

Vim lub complexity ntawm lub zuag qhia tag nrho cov teeb meem nqe lus ua kom paub cov kev cai lij choj ntawm kev quab yuam nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug tib mis tsis tau. Ib tug qauv hu ua ib tug electromagnetic teb thiab suav hais tias raws li tsim nyog raws li ib tug lej kwv, txiav txim los ntawm lub tsev ntawm cov nqi thiab currents. Nws, nyob rau hauv lem, tsim ib tug muab tau qhov twg los, noj mus rau hauv tus account ciam tej yam kev mob. Cov ntsiab lus uas txhais daim ntawv sis ib ncig chaw thiab tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom. Yog hais tias nws yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug unbounded qhov chaw, cov muaj tshwm sim yog complemented. Raws li ib tug tshwj xeeb ntxiv mob nyob rau hauv xws li mob yog cov tawg mob. Vim nws yog guaranteed los ntawm "muaj tseeb" cwj pwm ntawm cov teb ntawm infinity.

Chronology ntawm txoj kev tshawb

Corpuscular-kinetic Lomonosov kev tshawb xav nyob rau hauv ib co ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm xav tej yam tenets ntawm lub electromagnetic teb ziag .. "Lobe" (muab) tsab ntawv tsa suab hais, "zyblyuschayasya" (yoj) kev tshawb xav ntawm lub teeb, nws nrog qhov xwm ntawm hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam Infrared flows tau kuaj nyob rau hauv 1800 los ntawm Herschel (British paub txog), thiab nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no, 1801-m, Ritter piav ultraviolet. Tawg luv dua ultraviolet, ntau yam twb qhib Roentgen nyob rau hauv 1895, lub xyoo, nyob rau lub kaum ib hlis 8. Tom qab, nws lub npe hu ua lub X-ray.

Cawv ntawm electromagnetic vuag tau kawm los ntawm ntau zaum. Txawm li cas los, cov thawj mus tshawb cov possibilities ntawm ntws, lawv uas tau ua Narkevitch-Iodko (Belarusian scientific daim duab). Nws kawm lub thaj chaw ntawm tsev nyob rau hauv relation mus rau cov xyaum ntawm cov tshuaj. Gamma tawg twb nrhiav tau los ntawm Paul Villard nyob rau hauv 1900. Nyob rau hauv tib lub sij hawm Planck ua theoretical kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom ntawm ib tug dub lub cev. Thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev kawm no lawv twb qhib quantum txheej txheem. Nws ua hauj lwm yog thaum pib ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm quantum physics. Tom qab, ob peb Planck thiab Einstein twb luam tawm. Cov kev tshawb fawb coj mus rau tsim ntawm xws li ib tug tshaj plaws raws li ib tug photon. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, cim thaum pib ntawm lub creation ntawm lub quantum kev tshawb xav ntawm electromagnetic txaus. Nws txoj kev loj hlob txuas ntxiv nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kev scientific cov nuj nqis ntawm lub thib nees nkaum caug xyoo.

Ntxiv cov kev tshawb fawb thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub quantum kev tshawb xav ntawm electromagnetic tawg thiab nws sis raug zoo nrog cov teeb meem tau coj nws thiaj li mus rau tsim ntawm quantum electrodynamics nyob rau hauv daim ntawv nyob rau hauv uas nws tshwm sim niaj hnub no. Ntawm cov koj zaum uas kawm no qhov teeb meem, peb yuav tsum hais, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus Einstein thiab Planck, Bohr, Bose, Dirac, de Broglie, Heisenberg, Tomonaga, Schwinger, Feynman.

xaus

Tus nqi nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub ntiaj teb no ntawm physics yog txaus loj. Yuav luag txhua yam uas yog siv niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub neej, nyob ua tsaug rau lub tswv yim siv ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm kuj zoo kawg kws tshawb fawb. Tus foundations ntawm electromagnetic vuag thiab lawv txoj kev tshawb no, nyob rau hauv particular, coj mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov pa thiab tom qab ntawd cov xov tooj txawb, xov tooj cua transmitters. Ntawm kev tseem ceeb ua daim ntawv thov ntawm xws li ib tug theoretical paub nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm cov tshuaj, kev lag luam, thiab technology.

Qhov no yog vim lub thoob plaws siv ntawm ntau science. Tag nrho lub cev thwmsim raws li nyob rau hauv kev ntsuas, kev sib piv ntawm lub zog ntawm cov phenomena raug kawm nrog cov uas twb muaj lawm cov qauv. Nws yog rau lub hom phiaj no tsis pub dhau cov kev qhuab qhia tsim complex xab seev thiab chav nyob. Ob peb cov qauv yog tshwm sim rau tag nrho cov uas twb muaj lawm cov ntaub ntawv uas lub nruab. Piv txwv li, cov kev cai ntawm kev txuag ntawm lub zog yog pom tau hais tias ntau kev cai lij choj.

Science raws li ib tug tag nrho yog hu ua nyob rau hauv ntau yam tseem ceeb. Qhov no yog vim feem ntau rau lub fact tias lwm yam kev kawm muab kev qhia txog uas, nyob rau hauv lem, ua raws li cov kev cai ntawm physics. Yog li, nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS kawm atoms, ib yam khoom uas muab tau los ntawm lawv, thiab pom. Tab sis tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm lub cev txiav txim los ntawm lub cev tus yam ntxwv ntawm molecules thiab atoms. Cov zog piav xws seem ntawm physics, zoo li electromagnetism, thermodynamics, thiab lwm tus neeg.