Lub hydrogen foob pob. Keeb kwm ntawm lub creation ntawm ib tug haib riam phom

Nyob rau hauv lub lig 30-ies ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe muaj cai faib thiab lwj nyob sab tshuaj caij uranium, ib tug hydrogen foob pob los ntawm cov qeb ntawm cov ntawv tseeb muab rau hauv kev muaj tiag. Lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nuclear zog yog nthuav thiab tseem yog ib qho exciting sib tw ntawm lub teb chaws lub scientific tej zaum: Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees, cov Soviet Union thiab lub tebchaws United States. Tus haib tshaj foob pob, uas npau suav ntawm owning ib yam State uas muaj tsis tau tsuas yog riam phom, tab sis kuj yog ib tug haib nom tswv lub cuab tam. Lub teb chaws uas muaj nws nyob rau hauv nws cov arsenal, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb los ua tag nrho cov-haib thiab muaj peev xwm koj hais kuv sau cov kev cai.

Lub hydrogen foob pob muaj ib tug keeb kwm ntawm creation, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm physics, namely lub fusion txheej txheem. Chiv nws twb hu ua incorrectly nuclear, thiab yog vim li cas rau nws yog ignorance. Nyob rau hauv 1938, ib tus paub txog Bethe, uas tom qab los ua ib tug Nobel laureate, ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib co lub zog qhov chaw - uranium fission. Lub sij hawm no, nws yog lub ncov ntawm scientific ua hauj lwm ntawm ntau physicists, thiab nrog lawv yog ib tug saib hais tias kev secrets yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj nyob rau tag nrho cov, txij thaum pib cov kev cai ntawm science yog thoob ntiaj teb.

Raws, lub hydrogen foob pob yog invented, tab sis tam sim no nrog rau kev pab los ntawm lub designers nws yuav tsum tau kawm kom tau kev cov ntaub ntawv. Nws tseem tsuas av nws nyob rau hauv ib tug plhaub thiab muaj kev lub hwj chim. Muaj ob scholars uas nws npe yuav mus ib txhis yuav txuas mus rau lub creation ntawm haib riam phom: hauv lub tebchaws United States yog - Edward Teller, thiab nyob rau hauv lub USSR - Andrei Sakharov.

Nyob rau hauv lub US thermonuclear teeb meem raws li thaum ntxov raws li 1942 nws tau pib kawm physicist Edward Teller. Los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Garri Trumena, thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub US President, nyob rau hauv no qhov teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws zaum ntawm lub teb chaws, lawv tau tsim ib tug fundamentally tshiab riam phom ntawm kev puas tsuaj. Ntxiv mus, tsoom fwv lub kev txiav txim yog mus foob pob hwj chim tsis tsawg tshaj li ib lab tons ntawm TNT. Teller hydrogen foob pob raug tsim thiab qhia rau noob neej nyob rau hauv Hiroshima thiab Nagasaki, nws limitless, tab sis tus muaj peev xwm ua kom puas.

Nws twb poob rau Hiroshima foob pob, uas tiv kev txom nyem 4.5 tons ntawm uranium cov ntsiab lus ntawm 100 kg. Qhov no tawg corresponded rau yuav luag 12,500 tons ntawm TNT. Cov Japanese nroog ntawm Nagasaki plutonium foob pob obliterated tib phaus, tiam sis muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm 20 000 tons ntawm TNT.

Yav tom ntej Soviet academician Andrei Sakharov nyob rau hauv 1948, raws li nyob rau hauv nws cov kev tshawb fawb, hais tus tsim ntawm tus hydrogen foob pob nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm RDS-6. Nws kev tshawb fawb tau ploj mus nyob rau hauv ob ceg: thawj hu ua "es nqus zaum ob" (RDS-6s), thiab nws yog ib tug feature ntawm lub atomic xwb uas puag ncig lub khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm lub teeb thiab hnyav ntsiab. Qhov thib ob ceg - "yeeb nkab" los yog (RDS-6t) nyob rau ntawd plutonium foob pob yog nyob rau hauv cov kua deuterium. Tom qab, ib tug heev ib qho tseem ceeb foundations lawm los ua pov thawj hais tias cov kev coj ntawm lub "yeeb nkab" yog ib tug tuag thaum xaus.

Cov kev khiav hauj lwm hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub hydrogen foob pob yog raws li nram no: nyob rau hauv lub thawj plhaub cia li tawg HB xwb uas initiates lub fusion cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm neutron flash. Thaum zoo li no tus txheej txheem no nrog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm tshav kub uas yog tsim nyog rau ntxiv fusion. Neutrons pib Bombardment liner los ntawm lithium deuteride, thiab nws nyob rau hauv lem yog nyob rau hauv tib tus ntawm neutrons yog phua rau hauv ob lub ntsiab, tritium thiab Helium. Raws li siv nuclear fuse rau txoj kev ua tus yam Cheebtsam nyob rau hauv ib synthesis twb powered foob pob. Qhov ntawd yog zoo li ib tug yooj yim hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub hydrogen foob pob. Tom qab no ua ntej cov kauj ruam pib ncaj qha thermonuclear cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tov ntawm deuterium thiab tritium. Thaum lub sij hawm no nyob rau hauv lub foob pob ntau tsub kom qhov kub thiab txias, thiab nyob rau hauv lub synthesis yuav ua rau tus nqi ntawm hydrogen. Yog hais tias koj ua raws li cov chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj, lawv ceev ntawm kev txiav txim yuav piav raws li tam sim ntawd.

Tom qab, zaum tau tsis tau thov lub synthesis ntawm nuclei thiab lawv sib faib. Nyob rau hauv lub fission ntawm ib tug ton ntawm uranium generated zog sib npaug rau 18 Mt. Xws li ib tug pob muaj enormous muaj peev xwm. Tus haib tshaj foob pob, tsim los ntawm noob neej, tau koom lub Soviet Union. Nws txawm tau txais mus rau hauv lub Guinness Phau Ntawv Cov Ntaub Ntawv. Nws moj tej tawg yog sib npaug zos rau 57 (kwv yees li) megatons tshuaj TNT. Nws twb tshuab mus nyob rau hauv 1961 nyob rau hauv lub Novaya Zemlya archipelago cheeb tsam.