Cell: lub hwj chim thiab kev teeb tsa. Tus nqi ntawm lub hwj chim lub hlwb. Piv txwv ntawm lub hwj chim hlwb

Niaj hnub nimno sim kev tshawb fawb tau tsim hais tias tus cell yog ib tug complex yam ntxwv thiab tej chav tsev ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov uas muaj sia nyob, tsuas yog cov kab mob, uas yog non-cellular lub neej cov ntaub ntawv. Cytology kev tshawb fawb cov qauv thiab cov cellular kev ua si: kev ua pa, kev noj haus, tu tub tu kiv, kev loj hlob. Cov dab yuav tau los sib tham nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no.

cell qauv

Los ntawm kev siv lub teeb thiab electron tshuab kuaj kab mob biologists tau pom tias nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj hlwb muaj nto unit (nadmembrannye thiab submembrane ceg), cytoplasm thiab organelles. Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj hlwb tshaj cov daim nyias nyias yog glycocalyx muaj enzymes thiab muab cell hwj chim sab nraum lub cytoplasm. Nyob rau hauv cog hlwb, prokaryotes (cov kab mob thiab cyanobacteria) thiab fungi tshaj cov daim nyias nyias yog tsim lub cell phab ntsa, uas muaj cellulose, lignin los yog murein.

Cov ntsiav yog yuav tsum tau organelle ntawm eukaryotes. Nws yog ib tug hereditary khoom - DNA muaj rau hauv daim ntawv chromosomes. Cov kab mob thiab cyanobacteria muaj nucleoid, kuj ua cab kuj ntawm deoxyribonucleic acid. Lawv tag nrho cov ua nruj me ntsis txog kev ua, ua rau metabolic cellular dab.

Yuav ua li cas peb txhais li cas los ntawm lub sij hawm "cell zaub mov"

Lub neej ces hlwb tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis cov kev hloov ntawm lub zog thiab hloov nws los ntawm ib hom mus rau lwm lub (raws li cov thawj txoj kev cai thermodynamics). Zog, nyob rau hauv as-ham rau lub zais, t. E. Bound lub xeev mus rau hauv ATP molecules. Nyob rau cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi hwj chim hlwb nyob rau hauv biology, muaj ib lo lus teb uas yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account lub nram qab no postulates:

1. A cell li ib tug qhib lom systems yuav tsum tau ib qhov txaus ntawm lub zog los ntawm cov ib puag ncig.
2. Organic tshuaj uas yuav tsum tau rau lub hwj chim, lub cell yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev:

a) los ntawm cov extracellular nruab nrab, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov npaj txhij tebchaw;

b) nws tus kheej synthesizing cov nqaijrog, carbohydrates thiab nqaijrog, los ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide, ammonia, etc.

Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov kab mob yog muab faib mus rau hauv lub heterotrophic thiab autotrophic metabolism uas nta kev tshawb fawb biochemistry.

Metabolism hauv thiab Zog

Organic tshuaj nkag mus rau lub cell yauv cleavage, whereby zog yog tso tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ATP los yog NADP-H2. Tag nrho cov teeb kev tshua ntawm assimilation thiab dissimilation - nws tus metabolism. Hauv qab no peb saib cov theem ntawm lub zog metabolism, muab kev noj haus heterotrophic hlwb. Thawj, cov nqaijrog, carbohydrates, thiab lipids raug tawg cia rau hauv lawv monomers: amino acids, qabzib, glycerol thiab fatty acids. Ces, nyob rau hauv cov pa-free plab zom mov, lawv yog cov yuav raug ntxiv lwj (co zom cov zaub mov).

Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev muaj yog powered intracellular cab rickettsia, chlamydia, thiab pathogenic cov kab mob xws li Clostridium. Unicellular pwm-poov xab muab siab npuab zib ethanol, lactic acid cov kab mob - mus lactic acid. Yog li, glycolysis, haus dej cawv, butyric, lactic acid fermentation - cov no yog cov piv txwv ntawm lub hwj chim lub hlwb raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm co zom cov zaub mov nyob rau hauv heterotrophs.

Autotrophic thiab nta ntawm lub metabolic dab

Rau cov kab mob nyob rau lub ntiaj teb, lub ntsiab lub zog qhov chaw yog lub hnub. Ua tsaug rau nws, raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg uas nyob ntawm peb ntiaj chaw. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog tsim cov as-ham vim mus rau lub teeb lub zog, lawv hu ua phototrophic. Lwm tus - nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm lub zog ntawm redox tshua, lawv hu ua chemotroph. Nyob rau hauv ib-celled algae cell kev noj haus, cov duab uas yog hais hauv qab no, yuav photosynthetically.

Ntsuab nroj tsuag muaj chlorophyll, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub chloroplast. Nws ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib tug kav hlau txais xov, capture quanta ntawm lub teeb. Lub teeb thiab tsaus theem ntawm photosynthesis tshwm sim enzymatic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (Calvin voj voog), qhov tshwm sim ntawm uas yog lub tsim ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide ntawm cov organic tshuaj uas siv rau kev pub mis. Yog li ntawd, ib tug cell uas nws lub hwj chim yog vim siv ntawm lub teeb lub zog, xa autotrophic los yog phototrophic.

Unicellular kab mob hu ua hemosintetikami, rau qhov tsim ntawm organic tshuaj siv lub zog tso tawm los ntawm tshuaj, e.g., sib txuas ntawm hlau kab mob oxidize ferrous hlau los ferric, thiab cov tso zog mus rau lub synthesis ntawm zib molecules.

Yog li, tus yees duab-hluavtaws kab ntes teeb zog thiab hloov nws mus rau hauv lub zog covalent mono- thiab polysaccharides. Ces raws li cov kev mus ntawm cov zaub mov chains zog yog pauv mus rau lub hlwb ntawm heterotrophic kab mob. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, ua tsaug rau photosynthesis, muaj tag nrho cov yam ntxwv hais txog qhov biosphere. Peb hais tau tias lub hlwb lub hwj chim los autotrophic txoj kev, "txau" tsis tsuas rau nws tus kheej tab sis tag nrho cov neeg uas nyob hauv ntiaj chaw lub ntiaj teb.

Raws li heterotrophic kab mob pub

Hlwb uas loj hlob tsis nyob ntawm tau txais daim ntawv nyob rau ntawd organic tshuaj los ntawm cov sab nraud ib puag ncig, hu ua heterotrophic. Kab mob xws li fungi, tsiaj txhu, tib neeg, thiab cab kab mob zom carbohydrates, cov nqaijrog thiab nqaijrog nrog kev pab los ntawm digestive enzymes.

Ces, lub resulting monomers yog absorbed los ntawm lub cell thiab siv nws los tsim nws organelles thiab lub neej. Yaj as-ham nkag mus rau ntawm tes los ntawm pinocytosis, thiab cov khoom khoom noj seem - phagocytosis. Heterotrophic kab mob yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv saprotroph thiab cab. Tus thawj (xws li, cov av cov kab mob, fungi, ib co kab) pub rau tuag organic teeb meem, thiab rau tom kawg (cov kab mob, cua nab, cab fungi) - hlwb thiab cov nqaij mos uas muaj sia nyob.

Mixotrophy, lawv tis nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Mixed zaub mov nyob rau hauv qhov yog heev tsawg tsawg thiab yog ib daim ntawv cuab tam (idioadaptatsy) mus rau ntau yam ib puag ncig yam tseem ceeb. Lub ntsiab mob mixotrophic - yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub hlwb thiab organelles muaj chlorophyll rau photosynthesis thiab enzyme systems uas zom npaj cov as-ham los ntawm cov ib puag ncig. Piv txwv li, ib tug ib-celled tsiaj euglena ntsuab muaj hyaloplasm chromatophores nrog chlorophyll.

Thaum lub reservoir, nyob rau lub nyob euglena, zoo zes, nws yuav nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, piv txwv li. E. Autotrophically los ntawm photosynthesis. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide yog tsim qabzib, uas yog lub cell thiab siv raws li cov khoom noj. euglena powered hmo ntuj heterotrophically cleaving organic tshuaj los ntawm enzymes nyob rau hauv lub digestive vacuoles. Yog li, mixotrophic hwj chim hlwb, zaum ntseeg lub pov thawj ntawm kev sib sau ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu.

cell loj hlob thiab nws kev sib raug zoo nrog trophico

Ua qhov ntev, hnyav, ntim, zoo li tag nrho lub cev thiab nws cov nruab nrog cev thiab cov nqaij, hu ua txoj kev loj hlob. Nws yuav ua tsis tau tsis muaj ib tug qhov mov ntawm cov as-ham rau lub hlwb uas yuav pab tau raws li lub tsev blocks. Yog xav tau cov lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas kom loj hlob hlwb uas tshwm sim autotrophic kev noj haus, nws yog tsim nyog los hais seb nws yog ib qho kev ywj lub cev los yog ib feem ntawm ib tug yam ntxwv chav tsev ntawm lub multicellular neeg. Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv, txoj kev loj hlob yuav tsum tau ua thaum lub sij hawm interphase ntawm lub cell voj voog. Nws sai heev dab yas metabolism tshwm sim. Fais fab heterotrophic kab mob correlatively txuam nrog lub xub ntiag ntawm cov zaub mov los ntawm cov sab nraud ib puag ncig. Kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug multicellular kab mob tshwm sim tshwm sim nyob rau ua kom cov biosynthetic kev kawm ntaub so ntswg, raws li zoo raws li lub loj heev ntawm anabolic dab, catabolic tshua saum toj no.

Luag hauj lwm ntawm cov pa nyob rau hauv ib tug zaub mov heterotrophic hlwb

Aerobic kab mob: ib co kab mob, fungi, tsiaj txhu thiab cov neeg siv cov pa tag zom cov zaub mov cov as-ham xws li cov zib carbon dioxide thiab dej (Krebs voj voog). Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub mitochondrial matrix uas muaj lub enzymatic system H + -ATP-ASE, uas synthesizes ib tug qauv ntawm ATP los ntawm ADP. Nyob rau hauv prokaryotic kab mob, xws li aerobic kab mob thiab cyanobacteria, oxygen dissimilation kauj ruam tshwm sim nyob rau cov ntshav membrane ntawm lub hlwb.

Tseem mov ntawm gametes

Nyob rau hauv molecular biology uas thiab cytology cell hwj chim yuav luv luv piav raws li cov txheej txheem hais neeg nyob tomqab sawvdaws as-ham, lawv synthesis thiab cleavage ntawm tej yam nqi ntawm lub zog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ATP molecules. Trophism gametes: ova thiab cov phev, nws muaj ib co yam ntxwv txuam nrog ib tug siab tseem ntawm lawv zog. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj tseeb ntawm tus poj niam lub tsev me nyuam hlwb, yuam kom noog ib tug loj mov ntawm cov as-ham, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub qe yolk.

Tom qab fertilization, nws yuav siv lawv rau crushing thiab tsim ntawm lub embryo. Lub spermatozoa thaum lub sij hawm maturation (spermatogenesis) yog tau organic tshuaj los ntawm Sertoli hlwb, nyob rau hauv lub seminiferous tubules. Yog li, ob hom gametes muaj lub siab metabolic tus nqi, uas yog tau vim lub active cell trophic.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm mineral kev noj haus

metabolic dab yog tsis tau tsis tau cov influx ntawm cations thiab anions hais tias ua li cov mineral ntsev. Piv txwv li, tsim nyog rau photosynthesis magnesium ion, rau enzymatic tshuab mitochondria - poov tshuaj ions thiab calcium, kom muaj buffering peev xwm hyaloplasm - lub xub ntiag ntawm sodium ions raws li carbonate anions acid. Solutions ntawm mineral ntsev nkag mus rau ntawm tes los ntawm pinocytosis los yog diffusion ntawm lub cell daim nyias nyias. Mineral kev noj haus xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si autotrophic thiab heterotrophic hlwb.

Yuav kom saib lub ntsab lug, peb tau pom hais tias tus nqi ntawm lub hwj chim lub hlwb yeej zoo kawg thiab, txij li thaum txoj kev no ua rau cov tsim ntawm ib lub tsev khoom (carbohydrates, cov rog thiab cov proteins) ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide nyob rau hauv autotrophic kab mob. Heterotrophic hlwb pub rau organic tshuaj tsim vim autotrophs kev ua si. Cov uas ua lub zog siv rau tu tub tu kiv, kev loj hlob, cov lus tsa suab, thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb heev muaj dab.