Catechism - Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Orthodox Catechism. Catholic Catechism

Nyob rau hauv txhua txhua kev ntseeg muaj ib tug ntawv nyob rau hauv uas parishioners yuav nrhiav tau cov lus teb rau ntau Theological cov lus nug. Nws kuj muaj kev cai rau cov thawj tsim ntawm kev cai raus dej. Xws li ib tug ntawv hu ua "Catechism". Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Yuav ua li cas puas tau xws li ib tug ntawv? Leej twg yog tus originator? Yog lub Catholic Catechism of Christian? Hais txog qhov no tom qab nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.

terminology

Yog li ntawd Catechism - Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Lub ntsiab txhais nws tus kheej muaj ancient Greek lub hauv paus pib. Ces lo lus dhau mus rau hauv Latin. Cia txhais txhais hais tias "qhia", "kawm". Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, Catechism yog ib tug kev cai dab qhuas daim ntawv. Nws tseem hu ua "catechetical phau ntawv" uas muaj cov me nyuam yaus ntawm tej lus qhuab qhia. Qhov no ntawv cov ntaub ntawv qhov ntawm ntau yam denominations. Piv txwv li, yog cov Catechism ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic. Raws li txoj cai, cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm "lo lus nug-lus teb". Feem ntau, lub sij hawm "Catechism" siv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tsev pe hawm Vajtswv. Qhov no txhais tej zaum yuav hu ua tej lub qhov tob phau ntawv no, muab tso ua ke los ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm kev cai dab qhuas daim ntawv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 1869, lub xyoo yog tsim los pab Catechism Nechayev. Nyob rau hauv no ua hauj lwm, raws li txwv mus rau ib tug kev cai dab qhuas daim ntawv nce los ntawm coob leej ntau tus xav tias tsam lawv cov kev pab cuam assumes ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg raug, tawm tsam cov "kev phem tyrants ntawm cov neeg."

Txheej txheem cej luam

Lub ntsiab cai, uas muaj tus thawj Orthodox Catechism, tsim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1822 mus 1823. Nws sau yog tus St Filaret (Drozdov). Cov ntawv tau pom zoo los ntawm lub Synod thiab luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1823. Qhov no Catechism Filaret tau pom zoo chiv raws li ib daim ntawv qhia. Tom qab, ua hauj lwm twb raug mus rau loj kho nqi lus. Muab kho dua thiab patching ua los ntawm tus sau, cov thawj ntawm cov prosecutor thiab lwm tus neeg lub Synod. Qhov no ua hauj lwm yog lossi tau zoo thiab pab ntau tshooj. Ib txhia ntawm cov theologians, xws li xws nuj nqis raws li Metropolitan Bulgakov Makary, Tso Catechism Filaret raws li ib tug ntawm "piv txwv txog phau ntawv no." Raws li ntau, tus ua hauj lwm ntawm lub neeg dawb huv yog ib qho ntawm feem authoritative qhov chaw ntawm dogmatic lus qhuab qhia. Qhov no yog qhov twg lub feem ntau siab teem tawm nyob rau hauv sawv cev ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm nws yooj yim tenets.

teeb meem

Txawm li cas los, ib co Orthodox theologians cam tus authorship ntawm Metropolitan Filaret. Tab sis, dua li no, lawv kuj pom tau hais tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm uas muaj ib tug Catechism (nws yog dab tsi, raws li tau piav saum toj no) nyob rau hauv ROC keeb kwm. Qhov no daim ntawv qhia yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub fact tias, raws li Npis Sov Vasiliya Krivosheina, lub ntsiab kev cai dab qhuas daim ntawv tau undergone drastic editing. Vim cov kev pab ntawm cov thawj procurator ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Synod - lub secular neeg - cov phau ntawv tus txheej xwm raws li immutable dogmatic monument Ecumenical Orthodoxy, dhau lawm, yuav hu ua rau hauv lo lus nug, raws li cov Catechism ntawm lub Moscow Filaret nws tsis muaj tag nrho cov ntawm cov cim ntawm txoj kev ntseeg thiab piav cov nyhuv ntawm uas tsis yog-Orthodox theology.

Qhov teeb meem ntawm lub luag hauj lwm ntawm kev cai dab qhuas daim ntawv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub ROC

Thaum pib ntawm 2014 twb tsis tau muab tej "qhia" pom zoo nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm ib qho ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws ROC tsoom fwv, seb tus Council ntawm Tus npis sov thiab tus Vaj Synod. Qhov teeb meem Catechism yog teem rau 2015. Protestants thiab miafizitov nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm kev cai dab qhuas daim ntawv ROC muab ib lub sij hawm mus xav txog qhov uas twb muaj lawm ib tsab, pom zoo los ntawm lub Synod, tsuas yog raws li ib daim ntawv qhia. Lawv ntseeg hais tias structurally thaum xaiv cov Catechism, nws tsis yog ib tug dogmatic qhov twg los, uas yuav tsum muaj lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm qhia txog cov lus qhuab qhia. Interestingly, qhov teeb meem yog feem ntau hu ua ib tug Christian, tsis orthodox. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nws teev cov kev Christian postulates rau lub inhabitants ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman. Stipulated nyob rau ntawd, thiab tus txheej xwm ntawm tsoom fwv lub cev. Piv txwv li, Nicholas kuv tsis yog lub taub hau ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj, tab sis kuj cov patron thiab tus thawj saib cheebtsam ntawm nws Lutheran kawm thiab tau koom tes nyob rau hauv qhov kev xaiv tsa ntawm lub Armenian Patriarch. Thiab, txawm lub disapproval ntawm Lavxias teb sab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj raws li cov hauj lwm catechisms thiab tej lus qhuab qhia qhov chaw, nws tau txiav txim siab los mus tsim lawv tus kheej kev coj noj coj, uas yuav teem tawm lub tej kev tseeb ntawm Orthodoxy.

Kev cai dab qhuas qauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv

Section, uas yuav qhib lub Orthodox Catechism, qhia tus nyeem ntawv txog lub tswv yim ntawm pre-Christian lus qhuab qhia. Nws kuj qhia tau hais tias tus saib rau lub tswvyim ntawm Vajtswv txoj kev tshwm sim nyob rau ib feem ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj, hais txog phau Vajlugkub. Cov seem tom ntej no yog ib tug peb loj qhov chaw. Lawv yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov kev hloov ntawm lub ntsiab Christian virtues: "Hais txog kev hlub", "Nyob rau txoj kev ntseeg" thiab "Kev Cia Siab." Nyob rau hauv lub qhov mob siab rau txoj kev ntseeg, muab ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws txheej txheem cej luam ntawm lub Nicene Creed nyob rau hauv lub Orthodox to taub, tsis muaj tus Filioque. Nws yog muab faib ua 12 ntsiab (neeg) rau ib tug ntau ncauj lus kom ntxaws xeem. Qhov no yog ua raws li los ntawm zaj dab neeg ntawm lub xya sacraments ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Nyob rau hauv lub seem "Nyob rau Cia Siab" yog suav tias yog tsim nyog nyob rau hauv cov ntseeg tswvyim ntawm tus specifics thiab piav lub luag hauj lwm ntawm kev thov Vajtswv nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub believer. Paub meej cov qauv ntawm cov yoj offering, "Peb leej Txiv." Rau clarity thov Vajtswv muab faib mus rau hauv invocation, 7 thov thiab qhuas nyob rau hauv tus me nyuam. "Hais txog Cia Siab" kuj piav txog cov 10 paj lug. Ib feem ntawm lub "Hais txog kev hlub" yog nplooj siab mus rau lub kaum lus txib ntawm Vajtswv. Plaub ntawm lawv twb carved nyob rau hauv thawj lub rooj. Lawv yog cov lo lus txib ntawm txoj kev hlub rau tus Tswv Tsim. Qhov seem rau yog cov kev cai ntawm txoj kev hlub rau nws cov kwvtij zej zog. Hauj lwm txhua nrog commands tsim nyog kom tau raws li cov kev cai ntawm qhov kev piav qhia thiab kev txhaum uas tej zaum yuav ua rau kom nws cov txhaum. Qhov kawg ntawm kev cai dab qhuas daim ntawv hais tias "Cov kev siv ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm txoj kev ntseeg thiab piety." Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg Lub Khoos Loos Tsev Catechism hais tias qhov no phau ntawv no pab tau rau txoj kev kawm thiab kev nkag siab. Phau ntawv tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov lus nug thiab lus teb. Yog li ntawd, ua ntej txom nyem kev txaus siab ntawm txoj kev ntseeg, cov ntsiab lus thiab hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm Orthodoxy. Kev cai dab qhuas daim ntawv teb rau lo lus nug. Phau ntawv tswj tau undergone ib tug txhob txwm archaism. Cov phau ntawv muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm tserkovnoslavyanizmy. Piv txwv li, lub turnover "nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim zoo" lub Catechism suab zoo li "hwj chim dab tsi / siab." Qhov no archaism los ua tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm cov puas tawm xyoo dhau.

Luv luv ntawm tsim muaj ib zaug xwb kev tswj

Tus thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm lub puas tawm xyoo twb cim los ntawm kev siv ntawm ib tug txaus loj tus naj npawb ntawm catechisms. Feem ntau ntawm cov Orthodox twb authorship coj noj coj ua ntawm Metropolitan Peter Graves thiab Plato. Tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov tej hauj lwm, tshiab khoom, raws li zoo raws li lawv tus thawj kws qhov chaw, tau criticized los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv, nws pom "Catholic" kev tsis ncaj ncees. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog kawg no tau criticized rau lub xub ntiag ntawm Protestant ntsiab. Daws teeb meem ntawm qhov teeb meem no yog cov creation ntawm ib tug tshiab Catechism. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, vim ua kev nyob rau hauv 1816 ib tug tshiab translation ntawm Vajtswv phau ntawv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, nws twb txiav txim siab tau laug sij hawm rau cov nqe vaj lug kub ntawm lub qub tsab ntawm Phau Ntawv mus rau qhov tshiab. Thaum tswj raws li cov kev siv ntawm translation kho nqi lus. Tsim ib tug tshiab ib Catechism nws yog chiv nyob rau hauv 1822.

authorship

Cov hauj lwm ntawm nqus tau ib Catechism tau muab tso rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm ib qho ntawm feem kawm ntawv thiab kev Lavxias teb sab theologians - tsam ntawm Moscow thiab Kolomenskim Filaretom. Tus thawj tsab twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1823. Catechism tau tso ua ke nyob rau hauv cov qauv, ces dim nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov khoom thiab versions. Nws twb tau mus kawm los ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau peb seem ntawm txoj kev ntseeg, Cia Siab thiab Kev Hlub. Sau muab khaws cia tseg thiab kev nthuav qhia los ntawm ib tug cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm "lo lus nug-lus teb". Cov muab los ntawm Vajluskub citations tau muab nyob rau hauv raws li cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv 1816, ib co ntawm cov nqe lus tau txhais tej los Filaret. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm lub compiler coj noj coj ua txoj hauj lwm tau rho nyob rau hauv loj loj.

tshiab daim ntawv

1823 pom lub re-tso tawm ntawm lub Catechism. Labor tau spared los ntawm cov neeg pom nyob rau hauv thawj tsab ntawm qhov yuam kev. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1824, tuaj plaub ntau tshooj scored tsev teev ntuj Slavonic thiab civil hom (ob tshooj rau txhua hom lub cim). Luv version ntawm kev cai dab qhuas daim ntawv twb tso tawm tom qab nruab nrab-1824 thiab twb muaj npe "Me me Catechism". Yuav ua li cas yog qhov teeb meem? Nws twb npaj feem rau cov ruam neeg thiab cov me nyuam. Cov phau ntawv muaj xws li cov ntawv nyeem xaiv nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab tsab los ntawm kev siv loj font. Lib nyug "Luam tawm los ntawm imperial thiaj" nyob rau hauv lub luv luv Catechism tsis yog. Initial Catechism pib yuav tsum tau hu ua "qhov chaw".

Thuam ntawm kev cai dab qhuas daim ntawv thiab nws tau

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm catechisms poob nyob rau hauv lub tib lub sij hawm lub sij hawm thaum muaj kev koom criticized translations ntawm vaj phau ntawv ua kev Lavxias teb sab phau Vajlugkub Society. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm conservative tsoom fwv thiab high-qeb duas txiv plig tshwj xeeb tshaj yog sharply criticized cov kev ua ub ntawm lub DBR. Txhawb kev AA Arakcheyev Minister of Education Alexander Shishkov thiab Archimandrite Photius nquag hais tias cov Lavxias teb sab lus yog tsis tau tso cai nyob rau hauv lub thov Vajtswv phau ntawv thiab dawb ceev phau ntawv. Ntxiv mus, nws siv tau ua cov tsos ntawm ntau yam heresies. AS Shishkov, yog ib tug supporter ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub Koom Txoos Slavonic thiab Lavxias teb sab lus, defended nws lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm Metropolitan Seraphim. Raws li Photius, Catechism Drozdov thiab coj Peter Graves yog piv nrog txhua lwm yam raws li tau zoo raws li "kanavnaya dej" yog piv rau "... lub zoo dej ntawm lub Neva."

Discrepancies nrog cov thawj

Nyob rau cov teg num ntawm AS Shishkov pib tshawb fawb catechisms Tsam Filaret. Tus aim ntawm no ua hauj lwm yog los nrhiav kom paub cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm txawv los ntawm cov thawj qhov chaw, uas yog lub Orthodox lus qhuab qhia. Qhov tseem ceeb yog muab tso rau hauv feasibility ntawm kev siv ib tug txiavtxim nyob rau hauv ib tug kev cai dab qhuas daim ntawv Phau Vajlugkub quotations nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab. Nyob rau hauv no hwm nws lub tswv yim coincided nrog Photios thiab AS Shishkov. Nyob rau lwm cov tes, pom txog lub purely Theological cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov Catechism, yog tsis haib txaus sib cav. Hauj lwm ntawm tseem ceeb raug txiavtxim taw qhia thiab txhawb nqa ib daim ntawv uas muaj ib lo lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws qhia ntawm Vajtswv?" Nws yuav tsum teb tias: "Christian Lus Qhuab Qhia". Los ntawm ib tug formal point of view, cov kev txiavtxim qhia tias, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub "zoo tshaj plaws" tej zaum yuav cia li "zoo" tej lus qhuab qhia ntawm piety, yuav nws Buddhism los yog Islam.

txwv

Nrog xws li ib tug muaj zog kev cai dab qhuas deployed tiv thaiv cov tsos ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub phiaj los nqis tes nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 1824 tuaj mus rau hauv cov nyhuv ib tug decree ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Synod. Nws forbade lub printing thiab tis ntawm catechisms Filaret kom txog thaum ntxiv daim ntawv ceeb toom. Yog vim li cas rau qhov txiav npluav twb tshaj tawm hais tias lub inadmissibility ntawm lub transcriptions ntawm tus Tswv cov lus Thov Vajtswv, lub Creed thiab lub 10 Txoj Kevcai rau cov Lavxias teb sab hu ua "folksy lub suab hais lus". Nyob rau hauv 1825 nws tau rov tso Catechism ntawm Metropolitan Platon. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias qhov no ua hauj lwm thawj tuaj tawm nyob rau hauv 1786 thiab tau tiv dhau xya khoom. Qhov kawg ntawm lawv twb positioned raws li ib tug counterweight mus ua hauj lwm Filaret. Nyob rau hauv Plato tus coj noj coj tau tau cai saum toj no hais los ntawm phau Vajlugkub nyob rau hauv lub Koom Txoos.