Ib suam ntawm organic teeb meem - lub hauv paus ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm cov organic Science News for KIDS

Koj yuav saib tau npaum li cas rau kev faib sib txawv ntawm cov organic thiab inorganic tshuaj nyob rau txoj kev hloov mus los ntawm lub inorganic rau organic Science News for KIDS. Lub ntiaj teb no muaj ntau yam ntawm cov organic tebchaw thiab cov loj xov tooj ntawm variants thereof. Ib suam ntawm organic tshuaj tsis tau tsuas yog yuav pab kom to taub qhov no abundance, tab sis kuj coj ib tug ntshiab scientific hauv paus rau lawv txoj kev tshawb no.

Raws li ib lub hauv paus rau lub tsev ntawm cov organic tebchaw nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawv xaiv kev tshawb xav ntawm tshuaj qauv. Organic hauv paus txoj kev tshawb no yog tus ua hauj lwm nrog cov coob chav kawm ntawv, uas yog hu ua tus thawj rau organic tshuaj - hydrocarbons. Lwm yam neeg sawv cev ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ntawm organics yog kho raws li derivatives. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lawv cov qauv tsis yog nyuaj rau pom tias coj los ua ke cov tshuaj tshwm sim los ntawm cov hloov (hloov) ntawm ib tug hydrocarbon qauv thiab tej zaum ob peb hydrogen atoms ntawm cov chav nyob lwm yam hais, thiab tej zaum kuj nyob rau hauv tag nrho threads radicals.

Ib suam ntawm organic tshuaj noj raws li ib lub hauv paus rau hydrocarbons thiab ntau vim hais tias ntawm lub simplicity ntawm lawv cov qauv, thiab cov hydrocarbon tivthaiv yog lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ib feem ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov paub organic tebchaw. Rau hnub tim, tag nrho cov paub tshuaj, muaj feem xyuam rau lub ntiaj teb no ntawm cov organic tebchaw uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov pa roj carbon-hydrogen daim ntawv cog lus, muaj ib tug tseem ceeb predominance. Tag nrho lwm yam los yog nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg tsawg, uas nqa lawv mus rau hauv cov qeb ntawm kev zam rau cov kev cai, ib tug thiaj li tsis ruaj tsis khov hais tias lawv yog yooj yim mus nrhiav tau, txawm nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm.

Ib suam ntawm organic tshuaj los mus faib mus rau hauv tej pawg neeg nyias thiab cov chav kawm tso cai rau xaiv ob tug loj chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic acyclic thiab cyclic tebchaw. Lawv heev lub npe ua rau nws tau kos ib tug xaus txog cov hom kev tsim kho ntawm molecules. Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub hydrocarbon saw links, thiab nyob rau hauv lub thib ob - tus qauv yog ib lub nplhaib.

Acyclic tebchaw yuav ua tau branched thiab tej zaum yuav comprise ib tug yooj yim saw. Ntawm cov npe ntawm cov tshuaj no muaj peev xwm yuav nrhiav tau cov kev qhia "fatty, los yog aliphatic hydrocarbons." Tej zaum lawv yuav txawj zoo (ethane, isobutane, ethyl cawv) los yog unsaturated (ethylene, acetylene, isoprene), nyob ntawm seb lub hom kev twb kev txuas ntawm ib co carbon units.

Ib suam ntawm organic tshuaj teej tug mus rau cyclic tebchaw, ntxiv cais txhais tau tias nyob rau ntawm lawv carbocyclic pab pawg neeg thiab heterocyclic hydrocarbon pab pawg neeg.

Carbocyclic "nplhaib" muaj tsuas ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms. Tej zaum lawv yuav alicyclic (nyeem thiab unsaturated), raws li zoo raws li ib tug uas muaj ntxhiab carbocyclic tebchaw. Lub alicyclic tebchaw tshwm sim cias txuas ob tug xaus ntawm cov pa roj carbon saw, tab sis muaj ntxhiab lug nyob rau hauv lawv thiaj li hu ua benzene nplhaib uas muaj ib tug tseem ceeb feem rau lawv lub zog.

Lub heterocyclic tshuaj tau raws li qhov atoms ntawm lwm yam, feem ntau nws yog tus muaj nuj nqi ntawm nitrogen.

Cov tom ntej no constituent caij uas muaj feem xyuam rau lub thaj chaw ntawm organic tshuaj, yog muaj cov functional pawg.

Rau ib halogenated hydrocarbon raws li ib tug ua haujlwm zoo pab pawg neeg yuav ua ib leeg, thiab txawm ntau halogen atoms. Alcohols tau lawv lub zog vim muaj cov gidroksogrupp. Rau aldehydes yam ntxwv feature yog lub xub ntiag ntawm aldehyde ib pawg ketones - carbonyl pawg. Carboxylic acids yog yus nyob rau hauv uas lawv muaj carboxyl pab pawg thiab amines muaj ib tug amino pab pawg neeg. Rau nitro tebchaw tsiag ntawv los ntawm xub ntiag ntawm lub nitro pab pawg neeg.

Qhov ntau hom ntawm hydrocarbons, raws li zoo raws li lawv lub zog, raws li nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv hom ntawm kev ua ke nrog. Piv txwv li, muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav comprise ib zaug xwb molecule ob los yog ntau tshaj zoo tib yam, tej zaum kuj sib txawv haumxeeb pab pawg neeg los txiav txim txog thaj chaw ntawm lub substance (aminoacetic acid, glycerol).

Muab ntau dua visibility xav txog (cov kev faib ntawm cov organic tshuaj) cov lus, uas tau yooj yim peev xwm yuav tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem no tsab xov xwm.