Lub hydrogen molecule txoj kab uas hla, lub mis qauv. Yuav ua li cas yog qhov loj ntawm lub hydrogen molecule?

Thaum periodic rooj naj npawb 1 yog lub feem ntau lub caij nyob rau hauv lub ntug - hydrogen. Nws faib nyob rau hauv feem pua yog nyob ze rau 75%. Qis nws txheem sau tseg nyob rau hauv atmospheric khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg - 0,0001%. Lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab muaj 1% los ntawm luj ntawm cov roj. Qhov loj tshaj npaum li cas los ntawm teev nyob rau hauv dej: 12%. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb, nws yog tus thib peb feem ntau cov tshuaj lub caij.

hauj lwm caij

Ib tug hydrogen molecule, uas nws mis yog N-H los yog H2, muab tej txiaj ntsim nrog lub cev thiab tshuaj zog.

Hydrogen yog ib cov roj uas tsis muaj tsis muaj xim, tsis muaj tsw. Qhov chaw ntawm hydrogen nyob rau hauv rooj 1 rau ntawm qhov chaw vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv ntau yam tshwm sim, qhov no lub caij tej zaum yuav manifest nws tus kheej raws li ib tug hlau los yog raws li ib tug roj. Nyob rau nws txheej electron orbitals yog 1, uas yuav qhia tau hydrogen (hlau zog) los yog noj lwm (gas zoo).

Cov kab uas hla ntawm lub hydrogen molecule yog sib npaug zos rau 27 nm.

Inch 1A yog hydrogen atom, lub voos kheej-kheej - 0, 41 A.

zog

Lub cev muaj xws li cov nram qab no:

1. Ib kub npau npau taw tes - 256 ° ^C.
2. Melting point: -259,2 ^° C
3. cov huab cua loj (D) - 0.069.
4. Hydrogen yog tsis zoo soluble nyob rau hauv cov dej.

Cov tshuaj zog yog raws li nram no:

1. Nonpolar molecules daim ntawv cog lus ntawm tus hais muaj ib qho zog ntawm 436 kJ / mol.
2. Thermal dissociation kub yog 2000 ° ^C.
3. Nws reacts nrog:

• halogens;
• oxygen;
• leej faj;
• nitrogen;
• nitric oxide;
• active hlau.

Qhov xwm ntawm tej yam kev mob, hydrogen tshwm sim ob leeg nyob rau tej yam ntuj tso daim ntawv thiab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov isotopes protium, deuterium thiab tritium.

molecular qauv

Molecule caij muaj ib tug yooj yim qauv. Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub hydrogen molecule yog sawv cev los ntawm ob atoms uas converging tsim tau ib cov uas tsis yog-polar covalent daim ntawv cog lus, raws li tau zoo raws li ib tug electron khub. Tus qauv ntawm ib tug atom yog 1 zoo them nucleus, nyob ib ncig ntawm uas tsiv ib negatively them electron. Qhov no electron nyob rau hauv lub 1s orbital.

H - + H = 1E no hydrogen ion yog zoo.

Qhov no qhia tias hydrogen muaj ntsis zoo ib tsis muaj cov ntsiab ntawm cov pab pawg neeg 1 ntawm lub periodic system uas yog alkali hlau (lithium, sodium, potassium), muab ib tug ib electron nyob rau hauv tus txheej orbital.

H + H = 1E tsis zoo hydrogen ion.

Qhov no kab zauv qhia tau hais tias hydrogen yog akin rau zoo xws li cov ntsiab ntawm cov pab pawg neeg 7, uas yog tau txais cov roj thiab cov uas ploj lawm electrons nyob rau hauv nws cov txheej electron theem. Tej gases muaj xws li: Fluoro, chloro, bromo, thiab lwm yam ..

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub hydrogen molecule yog graphically hais hereinafter.

Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub hydrogen atoms r = 0,74 A, thaum lub sum ntawm orbital voos kheej-kheej yog 1,06 A. Nws muaj feem xyuam rau ntawm qhov tob ntawm sib tshooj ntawm electron huab thiab check, ruaj khov hydrogen daim ntawv cog lus.

Lub hydrogen atom yog lub feem ntau yooj yim nyob rau hauv cov xwm atom. proton nuclear loj yog 10.5 A, thiab lub lub cheeb ntawm ib tug atom yog 0.1 nm.

Molecules isotopes muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb cov qauv. Protium atomic nucleus muaj tsuas yog ib proton. Denoted isotope: 1h.

Nuclear qauv zoo li ib tug complex ntawm ib tug proton thiab ib tug neutron (2H).

3H - tritium - nyob rau hauv nws cov atomic qauv yog muab tej txiaj ntsim nrog ib tug nucleus ntawm 1 proton thiab ob neutrons.

hnyav

Nyob rau hauv science muaj cov qauv uas laij, uas yog sib npaug zos rau qhov loj ntawm lub hydrogen molecule. Nrog kev hwm rau lub caij txhais molecular thiab atomic loj.

Hniav puas loj ntawm lub hydrogen molecule yog xam los ntawm cov general mis:

M = m / n, qhov twg m - yog qhov loj ntawm ib tug yeeb tshuaj, n - lawv muaj pes tsawg.

Atomic loj sib npaug zos rau 1.008 amu Li ntawd, cov txheeb ze luj ntawm lub molecule yog tseem sib npaug zos rau 1,008. Txij li thaum lub hydrogen molecule muaj ob atoms, cov txheeb ze atomic luj yog 2.016 a. e. m. Lub luj ntawm lub hydrogen molecule yog qhia nyob rau hauv grams tauj ib tias (g / mol).

Tus nqi ntawm lawm tab

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj teeb meem nyob rau hauv cov xwm, uas tas ib tug complex nrog hydrogen nyob rau hauv cov pa yog dej. Dej - qhov ntawm lub neej, li ntawd, lub hydrogen - nws yog ib tug tseem ceeb heev lub caij.

Ntawm 100% ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj hais tias ua li tus organismal nruab nrab 1/10 ntawm, los yog 10%, lees paub rau hydrogen. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau cov dej, nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj qhov quaternary qauv ntawm cov protein, uas yog tau vim lub hydrogen daim ntawv cog lus.

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm complementarity ntawm nucleic acids kuj yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nrog cov nyhuv ntawm hydrogen molecules. Cov nroj tsuag cell H koom nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis, biosynthesis, nyob rau hauv lub zog hloov dua daim nyias nyias raws.

daim ntawv thov

Nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ua lag luam, hydrogen yog dav siv. Nws yog ntxiv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua cov yas khoom, xab npum txiav txim siab, raws li tau zoo raws li ammonia thiab pum hub qhuav lawm.

Khoom noj khoom haus kev lag luam: nyob rau hauv lub formulation ntawm khoom noj khoom haus cov khoom, lub hydrogen yog ntxiv raws li ib tug khoom noj khoom haus additive E949. Tej tivthaiv yuav pom nyob rau hauv lub ntim ntawm margarine, zaub roj. E949 additive tso cai los ntawm cov zaub mov kev lag luam ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation.

Hydrogen yog ib zaug muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub aeronautics kev lag luam, raws li cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog sib zog dua cov pa. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub 30s ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo, qhov no hom ntawm cov roj puv balloons thiab airships. Txawm tias nws tsis muaj nqi thiab yooj yim rau siv, hydrogen sai nres siv raws li ib tug tub lim, raws li cov mob ntawm explosions aircraft.

Niaj hnub no, cov roj yog siv raws li roj av siv nyob rau hauv lub Aerospace kev lag luam. Txawm li cas los, nws daim ntawv thov considers txoj kev xyaw nyob rau hauv cov neeg nrog caij tsheb, tsheb thauj khoom, vim hais tias lub caij thaum lub sij hawm combustion tsis emit rau hauv lub chaw ntawm cov teeb meem impurities, thiab yog li ntawd yog environmentally phooj ywg.

Ib feem ntawm hydrogen isotopes tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm ntau cov tshuaj. Deuterium yog siv nyob rau hauv pharmacological cov kev tshawb fawb seb puas muaj tus cwj pwm thiab los ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub cev. Tritium yog siv nyob rau hauv radiodiagnosis zoo li lub caij defining biochemical kev tig cev metabolic enzymes. Hydrogen peroxide yog ib tug tswv cuab, uas yog ib tug tshuaj tua kab mob.