Lub kim tshaj plaws phau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no

Cov phau ntawv - ib tug ntawv uas muaj cais los xij, uas nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, seb nws yog luam ntawv nyeem los yog ntawv sau, tej yam ntaub ntawv yog muaj ntaub ntawv.

Cov phau ntawv raws li ib tug kwv sau

Cov phau ntawv yog hu ua publishing khoom, muaj raws ntawm ntau tshaj li 48 nplooj ntawv thiab feem ntau muaj ib tug nyuaj cover.

Nyob rau hauv hnub no lub ntiaj teb no ntawm phau ntawv tej zaum yuav txawv ntawm tus qauv saib, nyob rau hauv particular vim hais tias ntawm lub advent ntawm e-phau ntawv, fairy tales, nrog ib tug uas tsis yog-tus qauv daim ntawv (piv txwv li, cov ntawv teev lus los yog tua reversals).

Tam sim no yuav ib tug phau ntawv no yog tsis yooj yim. Muaj ntau cov khoom, nws yog muaj nyob rau txhua leej txhua tus. Txawm li cas los, muaj ib co phau ntawv tau hais tias yog heev yooj yim.

Muaj tsis tshua muaj heev (tej zaum nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv) cov phau ntawv yos rov qab ntau pua xyoo. Hais tias xws li cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb coveted los ntawm lolus thoob ntiaj teb. Lawv tsis tseg nyiaj thiab txaus siab them ntau plhom leej los pab lawv sau nrog tsawg lom.

Tsis tshua muaj collectible

Yuav ua li cas yog cov feem ntau kim phau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no? Hauv qab no yog ib lub teb xws li.

1. "Tus thawj phau ntawv Urizena" Uilyam Bleyk. Luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1794, nws yog ib tug ntawm cov loj cov yaj saub cov phau ntawv ntawm tus sau. Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, qhov no ad raug muag nyob rau ntawm New York auction mus rau ib tug private collector rau 2 thiab ib tug ib nrab lab.
2. "Tales ntawm Beedle lub Bard," John. K. Rowling. Txawm tias ua ntej lub sau '' Harry Potter '' ua nrov thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no, thiab nws cov phau ntawv pib mus muag zoo nyob rau hauv lub tsheej lab, nws nyob rau ntawm ob txhais tes ntawm xya cov ntawv luam ntawm cov dab neeg tau sau. Rau ntawm lawv twb txiaj ntsim rau cov phooj ywg, thiab lub xya auctioned nyob rau hauv 2007. Nws twb kwv yees ntawm 3,98 lab.
3. "Geography", Klavdiy Ptolemey. Qhov no yog thawj luam atlas, sau hnub tim 1477 xyoo, ntawm cov paub lub ntiaj teb no. Txawm li cas los, nws tseem yog thawj ntawd piv txwv ua hauj lwm. Atlas muag ntawm ib tug London auction rau $ 4 lab.
4. "Treatise rau txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntoo," Anri De Monceau, Pierre Poato Pierre Tervin. Ib daim ntawv ntawm lub tsib-ntim ib tsab muag nyob rau hauv 2006 rau 4 thiab ib tug ib nrab lab.
5. "Gutenberg phau Vajlugkub ''. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv, nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no muaj 48 cov ntawv luam ntawm cov ua hauj lwm. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog muag nyob rau hauv 1987 rau ze li ntawm $ 5 lab.
6. "Tus thawj folio ntawm Shakespeare." Tam sim no, qhov no tsab yog ib qho ntawm feem tseem ceeb thiab nrhiav-tom qab cov phau ntawv rau tej lover ntawm antiquity. Nyob rau hauv 2001, lub co-tus tsim ntawm "Microsoft" Paul Allen yuav cov phau ntawv rau $ 6.1 lab.
7. "Canterbury dab neeg", Dzheffri Choser. Tus thawj tsab ntawm no ua hauj lwm cov hnub rov qab mus rau lub XV xyoo pua thiab muag rau $ 7.5 lab ntawm auction.
8. "Noog of America", James Oddubon. Tus thawj tsab yog dej num raws li "lub kim tshaj plaws phau ntawv" rau ib tug yog vim li cas. Nyob rau hauv 2010 nws muag thiab, yog li ntawd, yuav rau 11 thiab ib tug ib nrab lab.
9. "Lub Moo Zoo Genriha Lva", qhov kev txiav txim ntawm St. Benedict. Yog ib tug masterpiece ntawm cov thaud, yos los ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th. Cov phau ntawv yog tsim los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm lub Saxon duke - Genriha Lva, nws muaj 266 phab thiab muaj 50 illustrations. Nyob rau hauv 1983, lub German tsoom fwv mas yuav kis tau nws nyob rau auction rau 11,7 lab nyiaj.
10. Thiab ntawm no peb tuaj mus rau cov zajlus kom lo lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi lub kim tshaj plaws phau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Thiab qhov no "Code of Leicester" los ntawm Leonardo da Vinci. Nyob rau hauv 1994, lub "Code" twb yuav los ntawm Bill rooj vag rau xav tsis thoob 30,7 lab. Cov niaj hnub sib npaug yog hais txog 49 lab.

Tiam sis yog tias koj xav hais tias tsuas txawv teb chaws ntawv yog kwv yees li ntawm lab ntawm cov nyiaj, koj yog tsis ncaj ncees lawm. Ntawm no yog ib daim ntawv teev muaj cov kim tshaj plaws domestic zog.

Feem ntau cov domestic tsawg phau ntawv

Yog li ntawd rau saum 5 "Feem ntau cov Kim phau ntawv ntawm Russia".

1. "Lavxias teb sab Folk Duab", Dmitry Rovinskiy. Tsab twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1881. Thiab nyob rau hauv 2013, nws tau muag nyob rau ntawm auction rau 11 lab rubles. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj ib tug kwv yees li 250 daim ntawv luam. Number of tagnrho - 11 units.
2. "Eugene Onegin," Pushkin, tsab 1829-1832 xyoo. Cov naas ej tshiab tsim los ntawm tus sau rau xya xyoo. Txhua tshooj sau raws li sau. Lub convolutes sau tag nrho cov tshooj ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm. Nqe ib phau ntawv 8.6 lab rubles.
3. "Antiquities ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev, muab los ntawm imperial kev txiav txim," Fyodor Solntsev. Tus sau - ib tug kws muaj txuj rau lub kos duab ntawm archeology, nyob rau hauv nws scientific ua hauj lwm raws li meej tau piav lub keeb kwm monuments nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman. Luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1849, tus nqi rau cov uas nyob rau hauv 2013 nws muag, yog 7 lab rubles.
4. "Nws tau sib cav nrog tus Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman." Daim ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab noble tsev Iwj rau 37 xyoo, los ntawm 1803 mus 1840. 10 tagnrho muaj xws li 1262 emblem. Cov phau ntawv yog ib tug tsis tshua tsab thiab yog kwv yees li ntawm 6 lab.
5. Mikhail Chulkov, "Keeb kwm hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab lag luam ntawm tag nrho cov ports thiab ciam teb rau lwm ...". Qhov kev piav qhia ntxiv ntau daim ntawv uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Russia lub lag luam, kev lag luam thiab thauj mus txij li thaum Peter I. xyoo: 1781-1788. Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom 5.9 lab rubles.

Cov no yog cov feem ntau tsis tshua muaj thiab kim phau ntawv. Tab sis qhov no yog tsis yog ib tug ua tiav daim ntawv teev cov uas tsis tshua muaj cov phau ntawv. Tej zaum ob peb cov neeg paub, tab sis txawm lub feem ntau kim antique phau ntawv yuav tag nrho ob peb txhiab los yog txawm lab ntawm cov ntawv luam, ntawm chav kawm, nyob rau hauv no cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev nqi yog thawj khoom, tus nqi ntawm uas yuav ncav cuag ob peb lab.

Lub ntsiab kev nrug muaj feem luj tus sau los ntawm cov phau ntawv

Qhov tseem tsawg tsawg thiab kim phau ntawv yog xaiv rau lub nram qab no.

1. Phau ntawv Ivana Fedorova thiab nws cov thwj tim. Publications pioneer nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no muaj tsis muaj ntau, tab sis vim hais tias ntawm lawv cov tu siab lub xeev tus nqi ntawm ib co ntawm cov ua hauj lwm tsis sawv saum toj no 300 txhiab rubles.
2. Phau ntawv, antiques, luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub 18-19 th centuries, piv txwv rau cov uas nws sau tus naas ej ua yeeb yam.
3. Tsis txog rau thaum xaus ntawm phau ntawv lawm. Writers - yog muaj tswv yim neeg, thiab thiaj li nyias-skinned. Rau ntau yog vim li cas, nrog rau tsis zoo xyuas los ntawm critics, lawv yuav luag tag nrho tsab thiab rhuav tshem nws tus kheej tej hauj lwm. "Sia" ces chim phau ntawv yog tseem ceeb collector tsab.
4. Tus thawj cov phau ntawv ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej kev sau ntawv luminaries. Tshwj xeeb cov nqi yog cov drafts sau ntawv. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, thaum tus thiab nyeem tau yog yuav tsum tau xws kev txawj ntse.
5. Lub neej khoom ntawm kuj zoo kawg sau ntawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog lawv autographs.

Lub kim tshaj plaws phau ntawv, raws li ib tug txoj cai, kuj yog tej feem ntau tsis tshua muaj.

Lub kim tshaj plaws phau ntawv

Txhua kawm ntawv tus neeg hnov ntawm Leonardo da Vinci, thiab ib tug me ntsis, tab sis paub nrog nws ua hauj lwm thiab inventions. Yuav luag txhua yam uas nws undertook ib tug ntse heev, ua zoo, thiab ib co ntawm nws inventions thiab cov tswv yim ua ntej ntawm lawv lub sij hawm.

"Leicester Code" los yog tsuas yog "treatise nyob rau hauv dej, lub ntiaj teb thiab vaj xilethi-aus lub cev", yog ib qho ntawm feem tseem ceeb cov ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Italian ntse heev. Treatise zoo li ib phau ntawv nrog sau ntawv txog lub ntiaj teb no uas tus paub txog sau, ua nyob rau hauv Milan nyob rau hauv 1506 los ntawm 1510

Cov ntaub ntawv muaj cov lus piv txwv los ntawm tus sau. Ntawm no, cov inventor tau qhia cov uas nrhiav tau ntawm nws lub tswvyim thiab thwmsim, uas nws tau siv nyob rau hauv ib tug lub neej.

Nyob rau hauv Tsaw Chaw 1717 treatise twb kis tau los ntawm tus naas ej English tsev, tom qab uas nws lub npe hu ua.

Txoj hmoo ntawm cov phau ntawv tam sim no

Cov phau ntawv yog kis tau ntawm auction cov richest txiv neej ntawm lub sij hawm lub ntiaj teb no - Bill rooj vag - rov qab nyob rau hauv 1994 rau ze li ntawm $ 31 lab.

Tam sim no, feem ntau kim phau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Diam duab ntawm nws feem ntau adorn ntawv loj tshaj plaws thiab nto moo tshaj plaws puas nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, qhov twg tus tswv ntawm lub treatise muab cov sau txhua lub xyoo.

Phau ntawv ntawm lub USSR

Nyob rau hauv lub yav tas los Soviet Union, tsis tshua muaj cov phau ntawv no kuj heev npaum li cas menyuam. Lub ntsiab kev rau lawv xaiv tau tus piv ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm cov ntawv luam thiab cov ua lag luam coob, losis tswvyim dabtsi thiab, ntawm chav kawm, muaj kev ruaj ntseg.

Cov feem ntau heev muaj nuj nqis phau ntawv ntawm lub Soviet Union

Yog li ntawd, ua ntej koj book lub kim tshaj plaws ntawm lub USSR.

Lub neej cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Trotsky, Zinoviev, Bukharin, raws li zoo raws li cov phau ntawv taw qhia los ntawm lub sij hawm 1920-50-ies. Cov no muaj xws thawj tshooj ntawm Soviet science ntawv tseeb, phau ntawv hais txog kev tsov kev rog.

Phau ntawv luam tawm kom txog rau thaum 1990 nrog rau cov autographs ntawm tus sau phau ntawv thiab me me ncig.