Lub zog ntawm coob - tshwj xeeb yog cov muaj nuj nqis thiab hom

Cov thawj txoj kev cai ecology lub xeev - txhua yam yog sib thooj,, tsis tsuas yog cov lawv tus kheej tab sis, nrog kiag li txhua yam. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua mus rau kauj ruam yog kauj ruam, tsis txhob kov ib yam dab tsi. Txiv neej lossi ntshai qhov nqi koj tshuav nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. Txhua kauj ruam ntawm tus txiv neej txav dozens ntawm micro-kab, txawm nyob rau hauv ib tug dog dig pas dej ua ke, tsis hais terrified ntawm kab yog yuam kom hloov tau lawv lub tsiv teb tsaws kev, txo lawv cov productivity. Cov ib puag ncig yog nro, depleted natural resources nyob rau hauv ecosystems vim ua txhaum. Tag nrho cov no tau zus mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no qhov teeb meem. Muaj ntau coob yog cov nyob rau brink ntawm cov ciaj sia taus. Yog hais tias ib tug neeg tsis hloov, thiab cov pejxeem uas muaj feem yuav nyob rau hauv ib tug ob peb ntau tiam neeg ploj. Yuav ua li cas yog cov pej xeem thiab yuav ua li cas nws yog twb tsis siv tus naj npawb, yuav tsum tau tham nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Kev txiav txim ntawm cov pejxeem

Kab mob teej tug mus rau tib lub hom uas muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm sib genetic ntaub ntawv nyob rau pab pawg neeg no, occupying ib lub chaw uas yog ib feem ntawm lub biotic lub zej zog thiab kev khiav hauj lwm nyob hauv nws - nws tus pej xeem. Nws muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cwj pwm, uas yog ib lub xwb cov cab kuj ntawm cov pab pawg neeg thiab tsis cais cov neeg teej tug mus rau qhov no pab pawg neeg.

Lub puab nyob rau hauv lub ceev?

Yam tseem ceeb xws li cov zog ntawm pejxeem nyob rau nws ceev. Muaj peb hom kev xws dependence:

• pejxeem nce tus nqi txo nrog ua ceev. Qhov no tshwm sim yog thoob plaws thiab qhia tau hais tias yog vim li cas rau lub stability ntawm ib co coob. Los ua tus ceev txo fertility. Piv txwv li, yog tias nyob rau hauv 1 hectare av ceev siab tit tsawg tshaj li 1 khub, ces ib tug yuav suav lub zes txog kaum plaub hatchlings ntawm ib tug ntom ntawm 18 officers - nyob rau hauv ib tug zes daug lawm me nyuam qaib rau 8. Nws yog nthuav tias muaj zog ntawm pejxeem nyob rau hauv lub ceev ntxim rau cov tiav nkauj tiav nraug neeg. Nws yuav kom meej meej pom nyob rau lub ntxhw, muaj lub peev xwm rau cov me nyuam uas tej zaum yuav tshwm sim nruab nrab ntawm cov muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 12 mus rau 18 xyoo. Yog hais tias cov kev ceev yog me me, ces peb yuav tau tham txog qhov kev yug slononka txhua txhua plaub lub xyoos, nrog lub siab - ib tug ntxhw rau hauv xya xyoo.
• Tus nqi ntawm pejxeem kev loj hlob ncov nyob rau ntawm ib tug nruab nrab ceev. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj tseeb rau cov hom uas tau cim cov pab pawg neeg cov nyhuv.
• Nyob rau hauv lub thib peb yam, uas txiav txim seb tus muaj zog ntawm cov pejxeem loj, kev loj hlob nqi nyob twj ywm unchanged kom txog rau thaum tej lub sij hawm twb tsis tau mus txog ib tug kev kub ceev, tom qab uas nws pib tsis kam sharply. Qhov no kev sib raug zoo yog kom meej meej pom mus rau cov pej xeem ntawm lemmings. Nws yog ntawm lub ncov ntawm cov kev ceev pib mus.

biotic yam

Cov equilibrium pejxeem kev cai yog txiav txim tsuas yog los ntawm biotic yam. Chief ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog cov kev sib tw nyob rau hauv ib hom. Ib tug piv txwv: tus tawm tsam rau yug me nyuam rau (nws qhov chaw). Tej kev sib tw tej zaum yuav ua rau cov nyhuv uas cov poob siab ntawm tus kab mob no (physiological nyhuv). Tej puab ntawm pejxeem txig cai nyob rau hauv nas. Dhau kev kub ceev physiological nyhuv ua rau ib tug txo nyob rau hauv fertility thiab muaj zog lub neej no. Hais tias yog dab tsi rau cov pejxeem loj yog rov qab mus rau lub ntuj ib txwm muaj.

Yam rau qhov luaj li cas ntawm

Muaj ib co tsiaj nyob rau hauv uas cov neeg laus noj lawv tus kheej offspring. Tej nuj nqi ntawm cov pejxeem puab thiab nws tus xov tooj yog hu ua noj. Nws regulates qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov pejxeem kom txo tau. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm no phenomenon yuav pab nqaj ntoo nyob rau hauv lub pas dej ntawm Western Siberia. Khoom noj khoom haus ntawm cov neeg laus muaj 80% ntawm cov nyuj ntawm nws tib hom kab. Cov tub ntxhais hluas heev noj plankton.

Sib tshuam ntawm hom yog ib qho tseem ceeb los tswj cov kev ceev ntawm pejxeem. Txhom thiab prey, cab thiab lawv fwjchim luj kawg nkaus - ib tug tseem ceeb tshaj pejxeem muaj zog ntawm ntau hom uas muaj sia nyob. Los ntawm cov lus muaj tseeb feem ntau nws nyob rau ntawm cov pejxeem ceev.

Lwm yam xws li tus kab mob no. Tag nrho cov xaiv ntawm cov kab mob yuav tau txo cov pejxeem ntawm tej hom rau cov neeg ntsuas uas yog feem ntau yuav nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm tseem ceeb. Qhov no siv rau tag nrho cov uas muaj sia nyob, xws li tib neeg. Tus ceev tshaj txoj kev kab mob kis nyob rau hauv coob nrog ib tug ntau dua ceev.

hom ntawm puab

Txij li thaum lub zog ntawm pejxeem - ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov neeg uas nyob rau hauv no tib yam cov pej xeem nyob, ces, tab sis yog nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau nrhiav tau ob zoo xws li cov (tib yam nyob rau hauv muaj zog) ntawm cov pejxeem, tsis tau lawv yuav ua tau txog, nrog me me uas tsis, yuav txo tau kom peb hom pejxeem puab:

1. Ruaj khov.
2. Fluctuating.
3. Heev.

Hauj lwm ruaj khov thiab fluctuating hom

Ruaj hom - raug rau feem ntau loj noog thiab cov tsiaj. Pib ntxawg mechanisms nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog nrog biotic tej zaum nyob rau hauv lub pej xeem, thiab nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug ntawm cov sab nraud lwm coob, tej zaum yuav muab ib co hloov mus hloov los nyob rau hauv xov tooj tab sis me ntsis, ib ob peb lub sij hawm, tab sis tsis tau kev txiav txim. Lub ntsiab lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev cai system muab interrelation ntawm coob ntawm txhom thiab raug tsim txom pejxeem mechanisms thiab nrog tus cwj pwm, xws li ib tug hierarchy, Spatial, thiab cov zoo li.

Fluctuating hom - raug rau neeg, tus xov tooj thiab ceev uas yog hom twg los ntawm ob mus rau peb kev txiav txim ntawm qhov ntau. Weakly inertial mechanisms thiab intrapopulation sib txeeb nyob rau hauv lub system ntawm kev cai ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm tej kab mob no tseem ceeb heev. Qhov no hom yog yus, piv txwv li, rau ntau xylophagous kab.

Ntau tawv kab oblong - ib tug fluctuating tooj ntawm hom ntawm cov pejxeem puab, uas gnaw niam qhov thiab nteg lawv cov qe nyob rau hauv Siberian larch ntoo.

Nyob rau hauv no hom ntawm puab mus los ntawm peb cov kauj ruam:

1. Kab zuj neeg cov ntoo uas muaj me ntsis kev sib cais cob. Lawv paim pheromones, attracting lwm cov neeg. Lawv kos chaw uas zoo heev, thiab tsob ntoo yog tsis muaj zog txaus ntxiv lawm. Nrog ua ceev pib tsiv teb tsaws rau neighboring ntoo.
2. kab ceev tseem yuav ua tau kom, thiab nyob rau hauv cov maum txo cov qe pw los ntawm lawv. Cov kab pib tuag nyob rau hauv ntau dua tus xov tooj.
3. Txo cov pejxeem ceev, thiab cov stabilization ntawm pejxeem mus rau lub zoo theem.

Nyob rau cov pej xeem ntawm daim tawv kab muaj feem xyuam kab npua. Tab sis nws yog ironic hais tias thaum lub xov tooj ntawm cov kab khaws cia thaum uas tsis muaj thiab medium theem ntawm pejxeem kev loj hlob yog tsis txaus los ntawm daim tawv kab. Tsuas yog tus naj npawb ntawm cov kab yog ua ib tug loj - lawv txo intraspecific sib txeeb, uas muaj txhawb rau kev tswj ib theem siab ntawm pejxeem.

Heev hom thiab nws txawv nta

Heev hom - cov yam ntxwv ntawm coob nrog kab mob ntawm loj tu tub tu kiv, thaum tus xov tooj nce los ntawm ib tug ntau ntawm cov kev txiav txim. Qhov no tus neeg muaj ib tus theem siab ntawm biotic peev xwm. Ceev tej zaum yuav luv luv tshaj lub peev xwm ntawm cov vaj tse. Ces tus loj tsiv teb tsaws pib. Qhov no feem ntau yog hais txog mus rau lub kooj, nas thiab zoo sib xws coob.

Nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau overestimate qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov pejxeem puab rau lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm tag nrho cov ntiaj chaw.

Yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug loj tu tub tu kiv, ces tham txog cov tsis muaj kev tswj ntawm interspecies kev sib raug zoo. Ces rov qab mus rau ib tug ruaj khov lub xeev, tus xov tooj ntawm cov kev cai tshwm sim mas at the expense of intrapopulation mechanisms. Cov kev zam yog lub loj ntawm tus kab mob, thaum muaj ib tug compaction ntawm cov pejxeem.

Lub dynamic yam ntxwv ntawm cov pejxeem yog homeostasis. Cov teeb no ntawm cov lus tseeb thiab yam nyob rau lub ceev thiab yuav ua tau rau kev hloov kho. Homeostasis tso cai hloov mus hloov los nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub pejxeem cai (txwv tsis pub cov havzoov ntawm ib puag ncig kev pab). Qhov no saib kuas ecological tshuav nyiaj li cas, biotic thiab abiotic ib puag ncig.

Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm cov pejxeem puab

Nyob rau hauv txhua pejxeem, tus xov tooj yog lossi hloov. Thaum muaj yog raug rau cov ib puag ncig rau tus qauv sib txawv ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm tsis (nruab nrab), qhia seb kev hloov kho cov txheej txheem. Rov qab mus rau qhov nruab nrab pejxeem yog hu ua kev cai. Ceev yeej ib txwm hloov nws tus nqi thaum nws mus rau kev hloov pejxeem.

Peb yuav hais tias qhov muaj zog ntawm pejxeem - ib lub tswvyim uas yuav txiav txim rau lub qhov ntau ntawm biotic peev xwm.

Tej yam uas ib puag ncig yam tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov kab mob uas cia koj kho qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov pejxeem nyob rau nws ceev. Cov no muaj xws kev sib raug zoo thiab biotic kev pab ntawm lub abiotic puag ncig yam tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm xws yam yog set pejxeem homeostasis.

Cov cai ntawm homeostasis

• Lub hauv paus ntawm lub homeostatic system yog ib tug kev hloov kho ntawm cov kev cai, uas yog. E. Qhov yuam kev kho system.
• Feem ntau ntawm cov yam tseem ceeb muaj ib tug ntxawg nyhuv ntawm unilateral, aimed ntawm limiting txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub active pejxeem.
• Tus xov tooj yog nce los ntawm kev txo lub siab kev cai yam.
• Rau txawv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ceev nyob rau hauv cov pejxeem yog hloov lub luag hauj lwm sib txawv ntawm cov ntxawg yam.

Yuav ua li cas zoo homeostatic mechanisms, nyob ntawm seb lub hom pejxeem puab nyob rau hauv txhua pejxeem. Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb xav, tej pejxeem muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm unlimited kev loj hlob ntawm cov pejxeem, yog hais tias nws tsis yog tas los ntawm ib puag ncig yam tseem ceeb. Ces tus nqi ntawm nce nyob rau hauv cov pejxeem yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub biotic peev xwm.