Malleability ntawm tooj liab. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm tooj liab

Malleability hu ua nyhav ntawm hlau thiab alloys rau forging thiab lwm yam kev siab kev kho mob. Qhov no yuav ua tau ib tug duab, stamping, dov los yog nias. tooj liab malleability Nws yus muaj los ntawm tsis tsuas cov deformation kuj, tab sis kuj moldability. Yuav ua li cas yog plasticity? Qhov no muaj peev xwm ntawm cov hlau hloov nws nkhaus nyob rau hauv siab tsis rhuav. Malleable co muaj xws li tooj dag, hlau, duralumin thiab lwm yam tej yam tooj liab, magnesium, npib tsib xee, txhuas alloys. Hais tias lawv muaj ib theem siab ntawm plasticity yog ua ke nrog ib tug tsawg kuj mus deformation.

tooj liab

Interestingly, nws zoo li cov yam ntxwv ntawm tooj liab? Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nws yog ib tug keeb ntawm cov pab pawg neeg 11 4 lub sij hawm ntawm tshuaj ntsiab D. I. Mendeleeva. Nws atom muaj 29 chav thiab yog denoted los ntawm lub cim Cu. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhov no yog ib tug hloov hlau Plastic liab thiab Golden xim av. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws muaj ib tug liab xim, yog hais tias tus oxide zaj duab xis yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv. Los ntawm ancient sij hawm, qhov no caij yog siv los ntawm cov neeg.

zaj dabneeg

Ib qho ntawm thawj co hais tias cov neeg pib mus koom siv nyob rau hauv nws cov kev khwv nyiaj txiag, yog tooj liab. Xwb, nws heev yog muaj nyob rau tau txais daim ntawv los ntawm lub ore thiab muaj ib tug uas tsis muaj melting point. Nws tau ntev tau paub rau noob neej Xya co, uas kuj muaj xws li tooj liab. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, qhov no caij yog ntau dua nyiaj, kub los yog hlau. Ancient khoom ntawm tooj liab slag, yog ib tug ua tim khawv rau nws smelting ntawm ores. Lawv twb pom thaum lub sij hawm excavations ntawm lub zos Çatalhöyük. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob rau hauv lub Tooj hnub nyoog twb lug tooj liab yam. nws raws li nram no ib lub pob zeb nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntiaj teb.

S. A. Semonov nrog neeg ua hauj lwm ua kev sim kev tshawb fawb uas pom tias tooj liab cov cuab yeej nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog cov pob zeb pab nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Lawv muaj ib tug ntau dua ceev planing, drilling, txiav thiab sawing ntoo. Ib tug kev kho mob ntawm pob txha tooj liab riam kav ntau li ntau, thiab pob zeb. Tab sis tooj liab yog suav tias yog ib tug mos mos hlau.

Heev feem ntau, nyob rau hauv ancient lub sij hawm nws twb siv es tsis txhob ntawm tooj liab hlau nrog tin - bronze. Nws yog tsim nyog rau qhov siv thiab ua riam phom thiab lwm yam. Yog li ntawd, yuav hloov tau lub Tooj hnub nyoog tuaj rau hauv lub bronze. Bronze rau thawj lub sij hawm tau txais nyob rau hauv lub Middle East rau 3000 xyoo BC. e.: cov neeg zoo li muaj zog thiab zoo heev ductility ntawm tooj liab. Los ntawm resulting bronze mus zoo cuab yeej thiab yos hav zoov, tais diav, decorations. Tag nrho cov ntawm cov khoom no muaj nyob rau hauv archaeological excavations. Ntxiv mus, lub hnub nyoog bronze muab txoj kev uas yuav hlau.

Yuav ua li cas kom tau cov tooj liab rau hauv cov ancient lub sij hawm? Chiv, nws yog tsis rho tawm los ntawm ib tug sulfide thiab los ntawm malachite ore. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, mus koom nyob rau hauv ua ntej firing yog tsis tsim nyog. Rau no ore thiab thee sib tov twb muab tso nyob rau hauv ib tug av nplaum lauj kaub. Lub nkoj qab thus twb teem nyob rau hauv ib tug ntiav aub tsiv thiab sib tov yog Cov nroj cig cuag. Tom ntej no pib tsim cov pa roj carbon monoxide, uas pab rau lub restoration ntawm malachite free tooj liab.

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob rau hauv Cyprus nyob rau hauv lub peb Millennium BC tau ua tooj liab mines, nyob rau hauv uas nws twb nqa tawm smelting.

Nyob rau hauv pawg neeg thaj av ntawm Russia thiab neighboring lub xeev tooj liab mines tau sawv tshaj lub ob millennia BC. e. Lawv ruins yog nyob rau hauv lub Urals, thiab Ukraine, thiab cov Caucasus, thiab cov Altai, thiab nyob rau hauv lub deb Siberia.

Muaj melting tooj liab twb siv nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum peb caug xyoo. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum tsib Cannon Yard yog tsim los pab nyob rau hauv Moscow. Nws yog muaj nyob rau hauv bronze cam khwb cia phom sib txawv ntawm cov calibers. Zoo kawg tus nqi ntawm tooj liab twb siv rau cov raug kev neeb. Nyob rau hauv 1586, lub bronze cam khwb cia Tsar Cannon, nyob rau hauv 1735 - lub Tsar Tswb nyob rau hauv 1782. Lub Bronze Horseman twb tsim. Nyob rau hauv 752, tus tswv ua zoo kawg li Big hauj sam pej thuam nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev ntawm Todai-ji tuam tsev. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub daim ntawv teev cov hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab foundry yog kev txom.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua neeg sab hluav taws xob. Nws yog ces hais tias lossis loj nyiaj ntawm tooj liab pib tawm rau qhov siv thiab ua hlau thiab cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum caug xyoo, lub nyob ntawm tej tau kawm los mus ua kom txhuas, tab sis tooj liab nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob engineering tseem muaj zoo tseem ceeb.

Keeb kwm ntawm lub npe

Thiab koj paub dab tsi Cuprum - yog Latin lub npe ntawm tooj liab, derived ntawm lub npe ntawm cov kob ntawm Cyprus? Los ntawm txoj kev, nyob rau hauv Strabo tooj liab styled halkosom - lub nroog ntawm Halkida rau Euboea txhaum ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub npe. Feem ntau cov Greek npe tooj liab thiab bronze khoom muaj npaum li cas qhov chaw nws yog los ntawm lo lus no. Lawv yog lug siv nyob rau hauv blacksmithing, cov forging thiab casting khoom. Tej zaum raug xa mus rau raws li tooj liab AES, uas txhais tau tias ore los yog kuv li.

Lub Slavic lo lus "tooj liab" yog tsis hais etymology. Tej zaum nws yog ib qub. Tab sis nws yog heev feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau ancient txawj monuments ntawm Russia. V. I. Abaev assumed tias lo lus no los ntawm lub npe ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm Media. Tooj alchemists hu ua "Venus". Nyob rau hauv ua ntej lawm lub sij hawm nws twb hu ua "Mars".

Qhov twg yog qhov tooj liab nyob rau hauv cov xwm?

Lub kiav txhab tuas (4,7-5,5) x 10 ^-3% tooj liab (by luj). Tus dej dej thiab cov hiav txwv dej nws yog tsawg npaum li cas: 10 ^-7% thiab 3 x 10 ^-7% (by luj) ntsig txog.

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, yog heev feem ntau tooj liab tebchaw. Cov kev lag luam siv CuFeS ₂ chalcopyrite hu ua tooj liab pyrites, bornite Cu ₅ FeS _4, chalcocite Cu ₂ S. txhij neeg nrhiav thiab lwm yam tooj liab minerals cuprite Cu ₂ O, Cu azurite ₃ (CO _{3) 2} (OH) _2, Cu malachite ₂ CO ₃ (OH) ₂ thiab covellite CuS. Heev feem ntau, tus neeg luj ntawm tooj liab nyob txog li 400 tons. Tooj sulfides yog tsim tsuas yog nyob rau medium-kub hydrothermal leeg. Feem ntau nyob rau hauv sedimentary pob zeb yuav nrhiav tau tooj liab deposits - shale thiab tooj liab sandstones. Qhov tseem paub deposits yog nyob rau hauv lub Trans-Baikal Territory Udokan Zhezkazgan nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan, Mansfeld nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab nectariferous txoj siv ntawm Central teb chaws Africa. Lwm yam nplua nuj tooj liab deposit nyob rau hauv Chile (Kolyausi thiab Escondida) thiab lub teb chaws USA (Morensi).

Feem ntau ntawm cov tooj liab ore mined los ntawm qhib txoj kev. Nws muaj los ntawm 0.3 mus 1.0% tooj liab.

lub zog

Muaj ntau cov txawj nyeem ntawv yog xav nyob rau hauv qhov kev piav qhia ntawm cov tooj liab. Qhov no yas liab thiab golden hlau. Nyob rau nws saum npoo ntawm cov huab cua instantly them nrog oxide zaj duab xis, uas muab nws ib tug zoo khaus liab-daj Hawj txawm. Interestingly, nyias zaj duab xis ntawm tooj liab yog xiav-ntsuab xim.

Osmium, cesium, tooj liab thiab kub nyob rau hauv cov xim muaj tib xim, txawv los ntawm lwm yam gray los yog nyiaj hlau. Qhov no xim laus qhia hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm electron zaus ntawm cov plaub ib nrab-khoob thiab sau nrog ib tug thib peb atomic orbitals. Nruab nrab ntawm lawv muaj ib tug tej yam zog sib txawv coj mus rau lub wavelength ntawm cov xim txiv kab ntxwv. Cov tib system yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov kev xim kub.

Yuav ua li cas yog ntau amazing cov yam ntxwv ntawm tooj liab? Qhov no hlau muab ib tug lub ntsej muag-rau nruab nrab nyhav lattice, ib qhov chaw pab pawg neeg Fm3m, ib tug = 0,36150 nm, Z = 4.

Ib tug nto moo ntau tooj liab siab hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity. Raws li tam sim no tuav nws yog cov co nyob rau hauv ob qhov chaw. Incidentally, giant tooj liab muaj ib tug kub coefficient ntawm kuj thiab ib tug dav ntau yam kub yog yuav luag ywj siab ntawm nws ntsuas. Tooj yog hu ua diamagnetic.

Tooj alloys yog ntau yam. Cov neeg kawm ua ke nrog zinc thiab tooj dag, npib tsib xee nyiaj thiab npib tsib xee thiab ib tug ua babbitt, bronze thiab tin, thiab lwm yam hlau.

tooj liab isotopes

Tooj muaj ob tug ruaj khov isotopes - ⁶³ Cu thiab ⁶⁵ Cu, uas muaj ib tug loj heev ntawm 69,1 thiab 30,9 atomic feem pua feem. Feem ntau, muaj ntau tshaj li ob lub kaum os isotopes muaj tsis muaj stability. Cov coos-nyob isotope yog ⁶⁷ Cu nrog ib tug ib nrab neej ntawm 62 teev.

Yuav ua li cas kom tau cov tooj liab?

Qhuav ntawm tooj liab yog ib tug heev interesting txheej txheem. Qhov no hlau yog npaj los ntawm tooj liab ores thiab minerals. Cov yooj yim txoj kev ntawm kev npaj yog tooj liab hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, thiab electrolysis.

Xav txog cov pyrometallurgical txoj kev. Raws li txoj kev, cov tooj liab los ntawm sulfidic ores, xws li chalcopyrite, CuFeS _2. Lub chalcopyrite feedstock yog 0,5-2,0% Cu. Ua ntej, thawj zaug ore yog flotation. Tom qab ntawd, oxidizing ci nws nyob rau ib tug kub ntawm 1400 degrees. Ntxiv Burnt concentrate nkag mus rau hauv lub smelting rau matte. Rau cov thwj toob hlau oxide nyob rau hauv lub qhuav yog ntxiv silica.

Cov uas ua silicate li slag floats thiab yog sib cais. Tom qab tseem matte - sulphides hlau cu ₂ S thiab FeS. Ntxiv mus, nws yog melted los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov Henry Bessemer. Yuav kom qhov no kawg, lub converter yog poured molten matte. Ces lub thawv twb purged nrog oxygen. Ib tug hlau sulfide, uas yog oxidized rau oxide siv silica muab tshem tawm los ntawm tus txheej txheem raws li ib tug silicate. Tooj sulfide yog oxidized rau tooj liab oxide yog tsis, tab sis, ces txo kom nws yog xim hlau tooj liab.

Cov hlwv tooj liab tau muaj 90,95% ntawm cov hlau. Tom ntej no, nws yog raug electrolytic tu. Interestingly, lub ntsha yog ib tug acidic tshuaj ntawm tooj liab sulfate.

Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub cathode electrolytic tooj liab uas muaj ib tug high zaus ntawm txog 99.99%. Khoom ua los ntawm tooj liab ua sib txawv heev: nyob ntawm tej, hluav taws xob khoom, alloys.

Hydrometallurgical txoj kev yog sib txawv dog dig. Muaj tooj liab minerals sib nrauj yaj nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid los yog ammoniacal tshuaj. Los ntawm npaj kua displace tooj liab hlau hlau.

Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm tooj liab

Nyob rau hauv sib txuas ntawm tooj liab qhia tau hais tias ob oxidation xeev +1 thiab +2. Tus thawj ntawm cov nyhav disproportionate thiab yog ruaj khov xwb nyob rau hauv lub insoluble tebchaw los yog ceg. Incidentally, tooj liab tsis muaj kob compound.

Cov oxidation lub xeev ntawm +2 ruaj khov. Hais tias nws muab cov ntsev xiav thiab cyan. Nyob rau hauv tej yam txawv tshwm sim tej zaum yuav tau npaj tebchaw nrog ib tug degree ntawm oxidation ntawm +3 thiab +5 txawm. Cov yav tas yog feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv ntsev kupraboranovogo anion tau nyob rau hauv 1994.

Ntshiab tooj liab nyob rau hauv cov huab cua yog tsis tau hloov. Qhov no tsis muaj zog kom txhob muaj neeg saib xyuas tsis hnov mob nrog nta hydrochloric acid thiab dej. Oxidized feeb meej nitric thiab sulfuric acids, halogens, oxygen, thiab "aqua regia", oxides ntawm uas tsis yog-hlau, chalcogens. Thaum rhuab, nws reacts nrog hydrogen halides.

Yog hais tias cov huab cua yog noo, cov tooj liab yog oxidized, txoj kev ua ib tug yooj yim tooj liab carbonate (II). Nws reacts txig nrog kub thiab txias nyeem sulfuric acid, anhydrous kub sulfuric acid.

Nrog nta hydrochloric acid tooj liab reacts nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm oxygen.

Analytical Science News for KIDS tooj liab

Sawv daws yeej paub hais tias qhov no Science News for KIDS. Tooj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj no ib qho yooj yim mus ntes. Ua li no, ib tug platinum hlau moisten lub xeem tshuaj, thiab ces ntxiv nws mus rau ib tug Bunsen burner nplaim taws. Yog hais tias tooj liab yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, cov nplaim taws yuav tsum dawb lias nyob rau hauv ntsuab thiab xiav. Koj yuav tsum paub hais tias:

• Feem ntau, tus nqi ntawm cov tooj liab nyob rau hauv weakly acidic kev daws teeb meem yog ntsuas los ntawm txoj kev hydrogen sulfide: nws yog tov nrog cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Feem ntau, cov tooj liab sulfide precipitates.
• Nyob rau hauv cov kev daws teeb meem uas tsis muaj cov teeb liab ntsais ions, tooj liab txiav txim complexometric, potentiometric los yog potentiometrically.
• Me me ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yog ntsuas spectral thiab kinetic txoj kev.

Kev siv ntawm tooj liab

pom zoo txoj kev tshawb no Tooj yog ib tug heev entertaining tshaj plaws. Yog li, lub active hlau muaj tsawg resistivity. Tshuav rau qhov no zoo ntawm tooj liab siv rau zus tau tej cov hluav taws xob thiab lwm yam cables, nyob ntawm tej thiab lwm yam conductors. Tooj hlau siv nyob rau hauv lub windings ntawm lub hwj chim transformers thiab hluav taws xob drives. Yuav kom ua tau ib lub aforementioned hlau xaiv cov khoom huv huv, vim impurities instantly txo qhov hluav taws xob conductivity. Yog hais tias tooj liab yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv 0,02% ntawm txhuas, nws hluav taws xob conductivity kom txo tau los ntawm 10%.

Lwm pab feature yog lub zoo heev thermal conductivity ntawm tooj liab. Vim cov cuab yeej no nws yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm tshav kub exchangers, Thaum tshav kub kub kav, teplootvodnyh pab kiag li lawm thiab lub computer txivhmab.

Thiab qhov twg yog qhov hardness ntawm cov tooj liab siv? Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias seamless tooj liab raj ntawm yeej tus ntoo khaub lig seem muaj zoo cov neeg kho tshuab zog. Lawv yog cov zoo mas txhua yam tuav thiab siv yuav tawm mus haus dej thiab roj cua. Feem ntau, lawv muaj peev xwm yuav nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv lub internal roj mov thiab dej haus tshuab, cua sov tshuab. Lawv yog lug siv nyob rau hauv tub yees thiab cua txias tshuab.

Rau yav tom ntej hardness ntawm tooj liab yog paub nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws. Yog li, nyob rau hauv Fabkis, lub UK thiab teb chaws Australia, cov tooj liab kav siv tau rau cov roj mov ntawm cov vaj tse nyob rau hauv Sweden - rau cua sov, nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, UK thiab Hong Kong - yog qhov tseem ceeb cov ntaub ntawv uas rau cov dej haus.

Nyob rau hauv Russia, zus tau tej cov dej thiab roj tooj liab hlab normalized txheem GOST R 52318-2005 thiab Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Code ntawm Xyaum SP 40-108-2004 regulates lawv siv. Kav ua los ntawm tooj liab thiab nws alloys yog lug siv nyob rau hauv hwj chim engineering thiab shipbuilding yuav tsiv mus nyob chav thiab kua.

Koj puas paub tias tooj liab alloys yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm teb ntawm technology? Ntawm no, cov nto moo tshaj plaws pom tau hais tias bronze thiab tooj dag. Ob alloys xws li enormous tsev neeg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, uas, dhau li ntawm zinc thiab tin, tej zaum yuav muaj xws li Bismuth, npib tsib xee thiab lwm yam hlau. Piv txwv li, gunmetal siv kom txog thaum lub thib kaum cuaj xyoo pua rau qhov siv thiab ua artillery zoo li, muaj li ntawm tooj liab, tin thiab zinc. Nws formulation varied nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw thiab lub sij hawm ntawm kev siv thiab ua phom.

Sawv daws yeej paub lub zoo heev processability thiab siab ductility ntawm tooj liab. Vim cov zog, zoo kawg npaum li cas dag yoojyim rau zus tau tej cov tes tsho rau hauv tej caj npab thiab artillery mos txwv. Nws yog noteworthy tias tus no yog ua los ntawm tooj liab-silicon alloys, zinc, tin, txhuas thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv. Tooj alloys yog yus muaj los ntawm siab zog thiab thermal ua khaws lawv txhua yam khoom. Lawv coj kuj yog txiav txim los ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab nws cov nyhuv rau cov qauv. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias qhov no txoj cai no tsis siv rau beryllium tooj liab thiab ib co txhuas bronzes.

Tooj alloys muaj ib tug modulus ntawm elasticity qis dua cov hlau. Lawv lub ntsiab kom zoo dua muaj peev xwm yuav hu ua ib tug me me tsis sib haum xeeb coefficient, ua ke rau feem ntau alloys uas muaj ductility, zoo heev hluav taws xob conductivity thiab zoo heev xeb kuj nyob rau hauv ib tug corrosive ib puag ncig. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, nws yog bronze, txhuas thiab tooj liab-npib tsib xee alloys. Incidentally, lawv tau pom lawv daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv officers ntawm zawv zawg.

Zoo tag nrho cov tooj liab alloys muaj tib lub magnitude ntawm lub tsis sib haum xeeb coefficient. Txawm li cas los, cov coj kuj thiab txhua yam khoom, tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv corrosive npuas yog ncaj qha nyob rau hauv lub hlau muaj pes tsawg leeg. Lub ductility ntawm tooj liab yog siv ib leeg-theem alloys, thiab lub dag lub zog - nyob rau hauv ob theem. Melchior (coppernickel hlau) yog siv rau minting lub npib. Tooj-npib tsib xee alloys, xws li "Admiralty", siv nyob rau hauv shipbuilding. Ntawm lawv ua hlab rau condensers, tu turbine tso chav. Nws yog noteworthy tias cov turbines yog txias los ntawm seawater. Tooj-npib tsib xee alloys muaj ib tug amazing xeb kuj, yog li lawv yuav siv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas muaj feem rau lub txhoj puab heev cawv ntawm hiav txwv dej.

Qhov tseeb, tooj yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom hnyav - cov kev sib txuam ntawm txhua qhov ntawm 590 mus txog 880 degrees Celsius. Nws yog lawv leej twg muaj ib qho kev ua zoo kawg nkaus rau cov hlau, yog li ntawd lawv siv rau qhov sib txuas ntawm ntau yam hlau. Qhov no muaj peev xwm ua tau rau hauv cov raj dej los yog cov dav hlau ua kua dej ua los ntawm cov metals dissimilar.

Thiab tam sim no peb sau cov alloys, nyob rau hauv uas lub malleability ntawm tooj liab yog tseem ceeb heev. Dural los yog duralumin yog ib qho kev ua ke ntawm txhuas thiab tooj. Ntawm no, tooj yog 4.4%. Cov phom tooj liab thiab kub muaj feem ntau siv hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Lawv tsim nyog los txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov khoom. Tom qab tag nrho, cov ntshiab kub yog ib qho xaim heev, uas tsis tuaj yeem ua rau cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis zoo. Khoom ua los ntawm cov ntshiab kub yog sai deformed thiab abraded.

Interestingly, tooj liab oxides yog siv los tsim cov yttrium-barium-tooj liab oxide. Nws ua hauj lwm raws li ib lub hauv paus rau kev tsim kub-kub superconductors. Tooj kuj yog siv rau zus tau tej cov roj teeb thiab tooj liab-oxide electrochemical hlwb.

Lwm qhov chaw ntawm daim ntawv thov

Koj puas paub tias tooj liab feem ntau yog siv los ua tus caws pliav rau lub polymerization ntawm acetylene? Vim yog cov cuab yeej no, cov kav hlau uas siv tooj liab siv rau kev khiav ntawm acetylene raug tso cai rau siv tsuas yog thaum cov ntsiab lus tooj liab tsis pub tshaj 64%.

Cov neeg tau kawm los siv lub malleability ntawm tooj liab hauv architecture. Facades thiab lub ru tsev, ua los ntawm daim ntawv zoo tshaj tooj liab, muab kev pab tsheb-dawb rau 150 xyoo. Qhov tshwm sim no piav qhia yooj yim: hauv cov ntawv txheeb tooj liab muaj ib qho pib-extinction ntawm corrosion txheej txheem. Nyob rau hauv Russia, siv ib daim ntawv tooj hlau rau cov vaj tse thiab lub ru tsev raws li cov cai ntawm Tsoom Fwv Txoj Cai Tswjfwm Tsab Cai SP 31-116-2006.

Nyob rau yav tom ntej, cov neeg npaj yuav siv tooj npab ua bactericidal hniav hauv chaw kho mob kom tiv thaiv tau cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob hauv thaj chaw. Txhua qhov chaw uas tus tib neeg xuas tes kov - qhov rooj, kov, tes taw, dej tua dej, txee roj ntsha - cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb yuav tsuas yog ua rau ntawm no cov hlau.

Tooj liab

Cov hom tooj liab yog cov twg siv los tsim cov khoom uas lawv xav tau? Lawv cov teeb: M00, M0, M1, M2, M3. Feem ntau, cov qhab nia qib yog txheeb xyuas los ntawm purity ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus.

Piv txwv, tooj liab M1p, M2p thiab M3p muaj 0.04% phosphorus thiab 0.01% oxygen, thiab qib M1, M2 thiab M3 - 0.05-0.08% oxygen. Hauv M0b lub npe, cov pa tsis tuaj, thiab hauv MO, nws feem pua yog 0.02%.

Li ntawd, xav txog ntau yam tooj liab. Lub table hauv qab no yuav muab cov lus qhia ntxiv:

Kos ntawm tooj liab	M00	M0	M0b	M1	M1p	M2	M2P	M3	M3p	M4
Feem pua Cov ntsiab lus Tooj liab	99.99	99.95	99.97	99.90	99.70	99.70	99.50	99.50	99.50	99.00

27 qib tooj

Muaj nees nkaum-xya hom tooj liab. Tus neeg siv cov khoom siv tooj liab nyob qhov twg? Xav txog qhov nuance no ntxiv:

• Cov khoom siv Cu-DPH yog siv rau kev tsim khoom ntawm fittings tsim nyog rau koom cov kav dej.
• Yuav tsum tau AMF ntxiv los tsim cov tshuaj kub hnyiab thiab txias heev.
• AMFU siv rau cov khoom muaj kab mob khaub thuas thiab kub hnyiab.
• M0 raug tsim nyog los tsim cov neeg sib tw tam sim no thiab cov kab ntau heev.
• Cov khoom siv M00 yog siv los tsim cov hlau thaij thiab cov neeg sib tw tam sim no.
• M001 yog siv rau kev siv ntawm cov hlau, log tsheb thiab lwm cov khoom hluav taws xob.
• M001b yog yuav tsum tau siv rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
• M00b yog siv los tsim cov neeg sib tw tam sim no, kev sib ntau sib ntau thiab cov khoom siv ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev.
• M00k yog raw cov khoom siv los tsim kev sib deev thiab nrum tawm.
• M0b yog siv los tsim kom muaj cov phom sij uas muaj siab.
• M0K yog siv rau kev tsim tawm ntawm cov khoom sib tsoo thiab deformed.
• M1 yog yuav tsum tau siv rau cov khoom siv hlau thiab khoom ntawm cov khoom siv cryogenic.
• M16 yog siv rau cov khoom siv ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam.
• M1E yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov kab txias thiab cov ntaub nplaum.
• M1k yuav tsum tau tsim cov khoom ua tiav.
• M1or yog siv rau kev siv ntawm xaim thiab lwm cov khoom hluav taws xob.
• M1p yog siv rau cov khoom siv electrodes siv rau kev siv cov hlau cam hlau thiab tooj liab.
• MIPE yuav tsum tau siv rau cov kab uas muaj kab txias thiab khoob sau.
• M1u yog siv los tsim cov npoo txias thiab muaj kuab anodes.
• M1f yuav tsum muaj rau kev tsim cov kab xev, ntawv ci, pob ntxhuav thiab cov nplooj txias uas txias.
• M2 yog siv los ua cov hlau zoo thiab cov khoom ua tiav ib nrab ntawm lub hauv paus tooj.
• M2k yog siv rau cov khoom tsim ua tiav.
• M2p tsim nyog rau kev tuav.
• M3 yog yuav tsum tau siv rau cov khoom siv los ntawm cov khoom coy, cov phom.
• M3r yog siv los tsim cov khoom cuav thiab cov phom.
• MB-1 yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov khoom xyaw ntawm beryllium-muaj bronzes.
• MCP1 yog siv los tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.