Yuav ua li cas yog qhov ntau ntawm cov molecules? Yuav ua li cas yog qhov loj ntawm lub molecule?

Thaum ob tug los yog ntau tshaj atoms nkag mus rau hauv tshuaj bonds nrog txhua lwm yam, muaj qauv. Nws tsis muaj nqi seb puas cov no yog cov tib atoms los yog lawv tag nrho cov txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam ob leeg nyob rau zoo thiab nyob rau hauv loj. Peb txhua tus to taub, yog dab tsi qhov luaj li cas ntawm molecules thiab nyob zoo li cas nws nyob.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug qauv?

Rau txhiab xyoo, zaum tau speculated txog lub paub tsis meej ntawm lub neej, hais txog dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nws cov keeb kwm. Raws li feem ntau kev cai ancient, lub neej thiab txhua yam, txhua yam nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog ua los ntawm yooj yim cov ntsiab ntawm cov xwm - lub ntiaj teb, huab cua, cua, dej thiab hluav taws. Tab sis thaum lub sij hawm, ntau philosophers tau pib mus rau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej lub tswv yim tias tag nrho tej yam no yog muaj li ntawm me me, indivisible tej yam uas yuav tsis tau tsim los yog puas lawm.

Txawm li cas los, tsuas yog tom qab lub advent ntawm lub atomic kev tshawb xav ntawm niaj hnub Science News for KIDS, zaum pib postulate tias tus hais noj ua ke, tau tsim qhov yooj yim lub tsev blocks ntawm txhua yam. Yog li ntawd, yog ib lub sij hawm uas nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus teb ntawm cov niaj hnub xav ntawm particle hais txog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws chav tsev ntawm loj.

Raws li nws cov classical txhais, cov molecule - qhov tsawg tshaj plaws particle ntawm ib yam khoom uas yuav pab tau tuav nws tshuaj thiab lub zog. Nws yog li ntawm ob los yog ntau tshaj atoms thiab pab pawg ntawm cov zoo tib yam los yog sib txawv atoms nyob ua ke los tshuaj lom neeg rog.

Yuav ua li cas yog qhov ntau ntawm cov molecules? Nyob rau hauv qib 5 tej yam ntuj tso kev kawm (lub tsev kawm ntawv kev kawm) muab tsuas yog ib tug tswv yim ntawm qhov luaj li cas thiab nrhiav, xav paub ntxiv ntawm no qhov teeb meem yog kawm nyob rau hauv high school nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS kawm ntawv.

piv txwv ntawm molecules

Molecules yuav ua tau yooj yim los yog txoj. Ntawm no yog ib co piv txwv:

• H ₂ O (dej);
• N ₂ (nitrogen);
• O ₃ (ozone);
• Cao (calcium oxide);
• C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (glucose).

Molecules muaj ob los yog ntau tshaj cov ntsiab yog hais tias tebchaw. Yog li, dej, calcium oxide thiab piam thaj muaj ib. Tsis yog txhua txhua lub tebchaw yog molecules, tab sis lub lwg me me yog tebchaw. Yuav ua li cas loj muaj peev xwm lawv yuav? Yuav ua li cas yog qhov ntau ntawm cov molecule? Paub qhov tseeb hais tias yuav luag txhua yam nyob ib ncig ntawm peb yog ua los ntawm atoms (tshwj tsis yog rau lub teeb thiab lub suab). Lawv yuag tag nrho thiab cov molecular ceeb thawj yuav tsum tau.

molecular loj

Tham txog dab tsi tus nqi ntawm cov molecules, feem ntau ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb yog repelled los ntawm cov molecular ceeb thawj. Qhov no yog tag nrho cov luj ntawm tag nrho cov ntawm nws constituent atoms:

• Dej yog muaj li ntawm ob hydrogen atoms (muaj ib tug atomic loj unit) thiab ib tug atom ntawm oxygen (16 amu), muaj ib tug molecular ceeb thawj los ntawm 18 (ntau precisely, 18.01528).
• Qabzib muaj ib tug molecular ceeb thawj los ntawm 180.
• DNA uas yog ntev heev, tej zaum nws yuav muaj ib tug molecular yuag uas yog hais txog 1010 (approximate luj ntawm ib tug tib neeg chromosome).

Ntsuas nyob rau hauv nanometers

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub luj, peb tseem yuav gauge dab tsi yog qhov ntau ntawm cov lwg me me nyob nanometers. dej unit yog hais txog 0,27 nm nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla. DNA nce mus txog 2 nm nyob rau hauv lub cheeb thiab yuav cuag li mus rau ob peb meters nyob rau hauv ntev. Nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam yuav ua li cas cov ntau thiab tsawg pab yuav haum nyob rau hauv ib tes. Qhov ratio ntawm ntev thiab thickness ntawm lub ceeb DNA. Nws yog 1/100 000 000, qhov no yog ib tug tib neeg cov plaub hau mus rau ib tug ntev ntawm ib lub football teb.

Nrhiav thiab ntau thiab tsawg

Yuav ua li cas yog qhov ntau ntawm cov molecules? Lawv tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau daim thiab ntau thiab tsawg. Dej thiab cov pa roj carbon dioxide nyob rau tib lub sij hawm yog ib tug ntawm cov tsawg tshaj plaws, protein - ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj. Molecules - lub ntsiab uas muaj xws li atoms, uas yog kev cob cog rua nrog txhua lwm yam. To taub cov tsos ntawm molecules yog feeb ib feem ntawm Science News for KIDS. Dhau li lawv to taub tsis tau coj txawv txawv tshuaj cwj pwm, yog ib lub tseem ceeb cov yam ntxwv yog lawv molecular loj.

Qhov uas nws yuav ua tau pab tau tshwj xeeb paub txog dab tsi tus nqi ntawm cov molecules? Cov lus teb rau qhov no thiab lwm yam lus nug pab nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm nanotechnology li zoo raws li lub tswvyim ntawm nano-robots thiab ntse ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau mus nrog cov teebmeem ntawm molecular ntau thiab tsawg pab thiab nrhiav.

Yuav ua li cas yog qhov ntau ntawm cov molecules?

Lub 5 tej yam ntuj tso kev kawm hauv chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub npe muab lus qhia dav dav xwb, tag nrho cov molecules yog muaj li ntawm atoms, uas yog nyob rau hauv qhov random tsab ntawv tsa suab. Nyob rau hauv high school, koj muaj peev xwm twb pom cov yam ntxwv qauv nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS cov phau ntawv, uas zoo li lub sij puab ntawm lub lwg me me. Txawm li cas los, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los ntsuas lawv ntev nrog ib tug dog dig kav, tab sis kom ua li no, koj yuav tsum paub hais tias cov molecules yog peb-seem. Lawv cov duab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no yog ib tug projection rau ib tug ob-seem dav hlau. ntev ntawm lub molecule yog hloov ntawm linkages lengths ntawm nws cov ces kaum. Muaj peb lub ntsiab sawv daws yuav:

• Tetrahedron lub 109 °, thaum tag nrho cov qhov cov kev mus no atom nrog tag nrho lwm yam atoms yog ib (tsuas yog ib qho khiav ceev).
• Lub kaum sab xis ntawm ib tug hexagon 120 °, thaum muaj ib tug atom muaj ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim ntawv cog lus mus rau lwm lub atom.
• Lub kab 180 °, thaum lub atom muaj yog ob tug ob bonds los yog ib tug triple nrog lwm atom.

Tiag tiag cov ces kaum feem ntau txawv los ntawm cov ces kaum, vim nws yog tsim nyog los noj mus rau hauv tus account ib tug xov tooj ntawm txawv los, xws li electrostatic kev sib tshuam.

Yuav ua li cas mus xav txog tej yam qhov loj ntawm molecules: piv txwv

Yuav ua li cas yog qhov ntau ntawm cov molecules? Qib 5 cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no, raws li peb tau hais tias, yog general nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv paub tias qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov tebchaw yog heev me me. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias tus molecule tig xuab zeb rau hauv ib grain ntawm xuab zeb nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov grain ntawm xuab zeb, ces nyob rau hauv lub resulting loj yuav tsum tau muab zais rau hauv lub tsev tsib plag tsev. Yuav ua li cas yog qhov ntau ntawm cov molecules? Cov luv cov lus teb, uas kuj yog ib tug ntau scientific, yog raws li nram no.

Lub molecular luj yog sib npaug zos rau loj txheeb ze rau tag nrho cov nuj nqis ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw nyob rau hauv ib yam khoom los yog molecules txheeb ze mus rau lub hniav puas loj ntawm lub Avogadro qhov. Cov chav tsev yog kg. Qhov nruab nrab molecular ceeb thawj los ntawm 10 ^-23 -10 ^-26 kg. Noj, piv txwv li, dej. Nws molecular luj yog 3 × 10 ^-26 kg.

Raws li qhov loj ntawm lub molecule muaj feem xyuam rau tus quab yuam ntawm attraction?

Lub luag hauj lwm rau lub attraction ntawm molecules yog lub electromagnetic quab yuam, uas yog manifested los ntawm lub attraction thiab repulsion ntawm cov opposite nqi. Lub electrostatic dag zog yuam uas tshwm sim nruab nrab ntawm tus opposite nqi, dominates kev sib tshuam ntawm atoms thiab ntawm molecules. Lub gravitational quab yuam yog li ntawd me me nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no hais tias nws yuav tsis saib tsis xyuas.

Qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov molecule muaj feem xyuam rau tus quab yuam ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm lub electron huab ntawm random distortions nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv lub molecule. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nonpolar hais sau xwb tsis muaj zog van ua dawb Waals sis los yog dispersion rog, molecular loj muaj ib tug ncaj qha ntxim rau cov magnitude ntawm lub electron huab lwm tus hais tias molecule. Qhov loj nws yog, ntau dua qhov lub them teb uas nyob ib ncig nws.

Ib tug loj dua electron huab txhais tau tias ntawm nyob sib ze molecules yuav ua tau ntau hluav taws xob kev sib tshuam. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ib feem ntawm cov qauv muaj ib tug ib nrab ib ntus zoo xwb, thiab lwm yam - tsis zoo. Thaum zoo li no tshwm sim, lub molecule yuav polarized electron huab nyob rau hauv neighboring. Cov attraction yog vim hais tias ib nrab zoo sab ntawm ib tug qauv yog attracted rau qhov tsis zoo sab ntawm lwm tus ib feem.

xaus

Yog li ntawd, dab tsi yog qhov ntau ntawm cov molecules? Lub ntuj yav dhau los, raws li peb sab, koj yuav nrhiav tau ib tug paj lug sawv cev ntawm qhov nyhav thiab qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov me me hais. Tiam sis peb paub hais tias muaj tej yam yooj yim thiab complex tebchaw. Thiab mus rau lub thib ob yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi xws li ib tug tshaj plaws raws li ib tug macromolecule. Qhov no yog ib tug heev loj tsev, xws li ib tug protein uas nquag yog ua los ntawm cov polymerization ntawm me me subunits (monomers). Lawv muaj xws li ntawm txhiab ntawm atoms los yog ntau tshaj.

Feem ntau nyob rau hauv biochemistry macromolecules yog biopolymers (nucleic acids, cov nqaijrog, carbohydrates, thiab polyphenols) thiab loj uas tsis yog-polymeric molecules (xws li lipids). Synthetic macromolecules xws li cov pa yas thiab cov khoom cua fibers, raws li zoo raws li kev sim ntaub ntawv xws li carbon nanotubes.