Tsim, Science
Carbon nanotubes: ntau lawm, siv, cov khoom
Zog yog ib qho tseem ceeb kev lag luam, uas plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub neej. Lub zog lub xeev ntawm ib lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm ntau zaum nyob rau hauv lub lag luam. Niaj hnub no, lawv yog searching rau lwm lub zog qhov chaw. Rau cov hom phiaj, lawv puas kam siv dab tsi, los ntawm hnub ci thiab dej, xov nrog huab cua lub hwj chim. Cov khoom uas yog tau ua kom muaj zog los ntawm cov ib puag ncig, yog heev npaum li cas menyuam.
Txheej txheem cej luam
Carbon nanotubes - ib tug lengthy Kuav los tiag graphite dav hlau nrog ib tug cylindrical zoo. Feem ntau, lawv thickness nce mus txog ob peb kaum ntawm nanometers mus rau ob peb centimeters ntev. Thaum kawg ntawm lub nanotube ntaub ntawv ib tug kheej kheej taub hau uas yog ib feem ntawm fullerene.
Muaj ib co hom carbon nanotubes: nws yog xim hlau thiab semiconducting. Lub ntsiab sib txawv yog tam sim no conductivity. Tus thawj hom yuav ua tam sim no nyob rau ntawm lub ib tug kub ntawm 0 ° C, thiab lub thib ob - tsuas yog nyob rau txhawb kub.
Carbon nanotubes: zog
Feem ntau cov niaj hnub tiam sis xws li Applied Science News for KIDS los yog nanotechnology, txuas mus rau lub nanotubes uas muaj ib tug carbon skeletal qauv. Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Nyob rau hauv cov qauv no yog hais txog loj molecules, uas yog interconnected tsuas carbon atoms. Carbon nanotubes, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub thaj chaw ntawm lub kaw plhaub daim ntawv no, no mas muaj nuj nqis. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog los ntawm cylindrical puab. Tej hlab yuav npaj los ntawm dov graphite los xij, tog twg los loj hlob los ntawm ib lub catalyst. Carbon nanotubes, uas cov duab no yog qhia hauv qab no, muaj ib tug txawv txawv qauv.
toxicity
Raws li ib tug tshwm sim los ntawm ntau yam kev tshawb nrhiav, nws twb pom hais tias cov pa roj carbon nanotubes yuav ua rau cov teeb meem tib yam li asbestos fibers, i.e. muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm phem hlav raws li mob ntsws cancer. Lub degree ntawm kev phiv tus ntawm asbestos nyob ntawm seb yam thiab thickness ntawm nws fibers. Vim hais tias cov pa roj carbon nanotubes muaj ib tug me me qhov hnyav thiab qhov luaj li cas, lawv tau yooj yim nkag mus rau hauv lub cev ua ke nrog cov huab cua. Ntxiv mus, lawv poob rau hauv lub pleura thiab muaj nyob rau hauv lub hauv siab, thiab nws thiaj li ua rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov teeb meem. Zaum ua ib tug xyaum ua thiab ntxiv rau cov zaub mov ntawm cov nas hais nanotubes. Cov khoom me me txoj kab uas hla yuav luag tsis nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub cev, tab sis loj - dug rau hauv cov phab ntsa hauv lub plab thiab ua ntau yam kab mob.
txoj kev ntawm kev npaj
Rau hnub tim, muaj cov nram qab no txoj kev ua carbon nanotubes arc xwb, ablation, vapor deposition.
Electric tawm. Kev npaj ntawm (carbon nanotubes yog piav nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm) nyob rau hauv cov ntshav ntawm cov hluav taws xob xwb, uas Burns nrog Helium. Xws li ib tug txheej txheem yuav tsum tau siv tshwj xeeb kev khoom rau zus tau tej cov fullerenes. Tab sis lwm yam arc hom yog siv nyob rau hauv no txoj kev. Piv txwv li, tam sim no ceev decreases, thiab cov cathodes siv lossis loj thicknesses. Yuav kom tsim tau ib lub ntuj kaaj quas lug ntawm Helium yog tsim nyog los tsa lub siab ntawm no caij. Carbon nanotubes tau los ntawm txau. Hais tias lawv muaj pes tsawg tau ntau zog, koj yuav tsum nkag mus rau hauv ib tug graphite pas nrig catalyst. Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, ib tug sib tov ntawm ntau pawg neeg ntawm cov hlau. Ntxiv mus, muaj ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv siab thiab sputtering txoj kev. Yog li, ib tug cathode pellet, thiab nyob rau cov pa roj carbon nanotubes yog tsim. Tiav lawm cov khoom yog nce perpendicularly los ntawm cov cathode thiab sau rau hauv bundles. Lawv muaj ib tug ntev ntawm 40 microns.
Ablyasatsiya. Xws li ib tug txoj kev twb yees ua los ntawm Richard Smalley. Nws essence lies nyob rau hauv lub fact tias txawv yaj ua pa graphite nto nyob rau hauv ib tug reactor, kev khiav hauj lwm thaum muaj kev kub kub. Carbon nanotubes yog tsim los ntawm lub evaporation ntawm graphite nyob rau hauv lub qis ib feem ntawm lub reactor.
Lub deposition ntawm cov roj theem. carbon pa deposition txoj kev twb yees ua nyob rau hauv lub lig 50s. Tab sis tsis muaj ib tug yuav tau xam pom hais tias los ntawm txoj kev nws yog ua tau kom tau cov pa roj carbon nanotubes. Yog li ntawd, ua ntej koj yuav mus npaj rau qhov chaw ntawm lub catalyst. Raws li tej zaum nws yuav zoo hais txog ntau yam co, e.g., cobalt, npib tsib xee thiab lwm tus neeg. Nanotubes pib muaj los ntawm lub catalyst txheej. Lawv thickness nyob rau qhov luaj li cas ntawm catalyzing hlau. Lub nto yog rhuab mus rau ib tug kub, thiab ces muaj yog mov ntawm cov roj uas muaj cov pa roj carbon. Ntawm lawv, - .., Methane, atsetelen, ethanol, etc. Raws li ib tug ntxiv txheej txheem roj yog ammonia. Qhov no ntau lawm yog cov feem ntau nanotubes. Cov txheej txheem nws tus kheej yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau ntau yam muaj Enterprises, yog li ntawd tsawg nyiaj yog siv rau zus tau tej cov ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov hlab. Lwm zoo dua ntawm no txoj kev yog hais tias lub ntsug neeg tej zaum yuav tau los ntawm tej hlau hais uas yuav pab tau raws li lub catalyst. Kev npaj ntawm (carbon nanotubes yog piav nyob rau tag nrho cov sab) ua tau ua tsaug rau tshawb nrhiav Suomi Iijima, uas cai nyob rau hauv lub tshuab kuaj kab mob rau lawv cov tsos raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub synthesis ntawm cov pa roj carbon.
Lub ntsiab yam ntawm
Carbon ntsiab yog txwv kom muab zais raws li tus xov tooj ntawm khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Qhov yooj yim zoo - ib-walled carbon nanotubes. Txhua yam ntawm lawv muaj ib tug tuab ntawm txog 1 nm, thiab lawv ntev tej zaum yuav ntau dua. Yog hais tias peb xav txog cov qauv, cov khoom zoo li graphite qhwv siv ib tug hexagonal daim phiaj. Nyob rau hauv nws cov vertices nyob carbons. Yog li, lub raj muaj ib tug cylindrical zoo, uas muaj tsis muaj nqaws. Lub sab qaum kev ib kaw hau li muaj fullerene molecules.
Tom ntej no saib - multiwall carbon nanotubes. Lawv muaj xws li ob peb khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm graphite uas yog stacked nyob rau hauv lub duab ntawm ib lub tog raj kheej. Qhov kev ncua deb therebetween yog khaws cia ntawm 0,34 nm. Tus qauv ntawm no hom yuav piav siv ob txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv thawj, multi-raj - ib tug ob peb nested ib leeg-phab ntsa yeeb nkab uas zoo nkaus li zoo li ib tug Lavxias teb sab menyuam roj hmab. Nyob rau hauv ib tug thib ob, multi-walled nanotubes yog graphite ntawv uas yog qhwv ob peb lub sij hawm nyob ib ncig ntawm nws tus kheej, uas yog zoo li ib tug tais ntawv xov xwm.
Carbon nanotubes: daim ntawv sau npe
Cov khoom yog brand tshiab mej zeej ntawm lub chav kawm ntawv ntawm nanomaterials.
Vim xws ntxwv raws li tensile zog, FLEXURAL zog, conductivity, yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw:
- raws li additives rau polymers;
- catalyst rau teeb pom kev zoo pab kiag li lawm, raws li tau zoo raws li tiaj tus vaj huam sib luag lus thiab handsets nyob rau hauv telecommunication tes hauj lwm;
- raws li ib tug absorber ntawm electromagnetic vuag;
- hwj chim hloov dua siab tshiab;
- anodes nyob rau hauv ntau yam roj teeb hom;
- Cia ntawm hydrogen;
- ua sensors thiab capacitors;
- composites ntau lawm thiab amplification lawv cov qauv thiab cov khoom.
Rau ntau xyoo, carbon nanotubes, kev siv uas yog tsis tas rau ib qho kev lag luam, siv nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb. Tej ntaub ntawv uas muaj ib tug tsis muaj zog txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam, raws li muaj muaj teeb meem nrog loj-scale lawm. Ib qho tseem ceeb point yog tus nqi ntawm cov pa roj carbon nanotubes, uas yog hais txog 120 dollars ib muaj ib tug gram ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw.
Lawv yog siv raws li ib tug yooj yim lub caij rau zus tau tej cov ntau composites, uas yog siv rau cov uas ua ntau ntaus pob ncaws pob khoom. Lwm kev lag luam -avtomobilestroenie. Functionalization ntawm cov pa roj carbon nanotubes nyob rau hauv lub kos duab yog txo mus rau txais vaj txiaj ntsim polymers conductive zog.
Coefficient ntawm thermal conductivity ntawm nanotubes yog siab txaus, li ntawd, lawv yuav siv tau raws li ib tug txias ntaus ntawv rau ntau yam loj heev cov khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd lawv tau ua kaus mom uas yog txuas mus rau cov kev sojntsuam kav.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj ceg daim ntaub ntawv muaj xws li computer technology. Vim nanotubes yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pav ca-vaj huam sib luag lus. Nrog kev pab los ntawm lawv, koj yuav txo tau qhov loj ntawm lub computer, raws li zoo raws li yuav ua tau kom nws cov kev ua tau zoo. Npaj cov khoom yuav tsum tau ob peb lub sij hawm ntau tshaj li qhov tam sim no technology. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb, koj muaj peev xwm tsim high-kinescopes.
Thaum lub sij hawm, tus menyuam yuav tsum siv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv electronics, tab sis kuj noj qab haus huv thiab lub zog sectors.
ntau lawm
Carbon hlab, zus tau tej cov uas yog faib nruab nrab ntawm lub ob hom ntawm lawv, tusyees faib.
cov thawj coj lawm
Tam sim no, ua txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm carbon nanotubes nyob teb chaws Es Xias, lub peev xwm ntau uas yog siab tshaj 3 lub sij hawm siab tshaj nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws ntawm teb chaws Europe thiab America. Nyob rau hauv kev, zus tau tej cov MWNT yog koom nyob rau hauv teb chaws Nyiv Pooj. Tab sis lwm lub teb chaws, xws li Kauslim thiab Tuam Tshoj, tsis concede nyob rau hauv qhov ntsuas no.
Qhuav nyob rau hauv Russia
Domestic zus tau tej cov carbon nanotubes yog qab deb lwm lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, txhua yam nyob rau qhov zoo ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no. Muaj tsis faib nyiaj txaus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm science thiab technology chaw zov me nyuam nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Muaj coob tus neeg tsis paub txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nanotechnology, vim hais tias kuv tsis paub yuav ua li cas nws yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv kev lag luam. Yog li ntawd, kev hloov mus rau ib tug tshiab kev khwv nyiaj txiag txoj kev sau yog heev yooj yim.
Yog li ntawd, lub Lavxias teb sab tus thawj tswj hwm muab ib tug decree, uas teev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm nanotechnology, xws li carbon ntsiab. Rau lub hom phiaj no, ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj kev loj hlob kev pab cuam yog tsim los tsim lawv tus kheej technologies.
Raws li twb tau hais, tag nrho cov teeb meem lus dag nyob rau hauv raising rau cov nyiaj. Feem ntau cov tub ua lag luam tsis xav nqis peev pab rau cov kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm. Tag nrho cov lag luam xav mus ntsib ib tug profit, tab sis Nano-yuav mus rau lub xyoo. Hais tias yog dab tsi pushes tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov me me thiab medium-qhov loj qhov lag luam. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tsis muaj pej xeem peev yuav tsis qoos pib zus tau tej cov nanomaterials.
Rau hnub tim, uas nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam koom nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj departments ntawm ntau yam universities ntawm Moscow, Tambov, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk thiab Kazan. Cov kev manufacturers ntawm carbon nanotubes yog khov "Garnet" thiab Tambov tsob nroj "Komsomolets".
Zoo thiab tsis zoo sib nrauj
Cov qhov zoo peb yuav paub qhov txawv cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov pa roj carbon nanotubes. Lawv yog ib cov check cov ntaub ntawv uas, uas yog nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab kev nyuaj siab yog tsis pov tseg. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv ua hauj lwm zoo nyob rau hauv dabtsi yog khoov thiab ncab. Qhov no twb ua tau vim lub kaw qauv ntawm tus ncej. Lawv siv tsis yog tag rau ib tug sector. Cov hlab tau siv nyob rau hauv lub tsheb, electronics, tshuaj thiab lub zog.
Lossis loj drawback yog tus tsis zoo feem on tib neeg noj qab haus huv.
Ib qho tseem ceeb nam yog lub txais ntawm no sector. Muaj coob tus neeg tsis xav sib piv cov nqi nyob rau hauv science, raws li koj xav tau ib tug ntau ntawm cov sij hawm rau cov nyiaj. Thiab tsis muaj ib tug hauj lwm kev tshawb fawb chaw soj nstuam yuav tsis tau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nanotechnology.
xaus
Carbon nanotubes ua si ib tug loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev technologies. Muaj ntau cov kws txawj twv seb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov kev lag luam nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej. Muaj yuav tsum yog ib tug tseem ceeb nce nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm ntau, uas yuav txo tau tus nqi ntawm cov khoom. Nrog rau cov txo nyob rau hauv tus nqi, lub raj yuav tsum nyob rau hauv loj loj coob, thiab yuav ua ib tug irreplaceable cov khoom siv rau ntau pab kiag li lawm thiab cov khoom siv.
Yog li ntawd, peb pom tawm li cas yuav muab cov khoom no.
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