Marginal nqi hluav taws xob

Marginal nqi hluav taws xob yog tus naj npawb ntawm ntxiv nqi hluav taws xob, uas yog ntxiv rau cov tau ntawm txhua tom ntej zoo ib yam. Tus heev notion ntawm nqi hluav taws xob, txawm nws paub daws teeb xwm, tau ntev tau siv nyob rau hauv nyiaj txiag txoj kev xav, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txiav txim seb lub degree ntawm Library, siab, los yog kev pab cuam uas tus neeg neeg ntawm kev noj ntawm tej yam khoom.

Marginal nqi hluav taws xob kev tshawb xav sawv nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo raws li ib tug lwm txoj rau lub tswvyim ntawm lub zog kev tshawb xav ntawm tus nqi. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Austrian tsev kawm ntawv: E. Böhm-Bawerk, Menger, Schumpeter, txiav Wieser thiab A. Marshall, U. S. Dzhevons thiab L. Walras.

Nws essence lies nyob rau hauv lub fact tias lub ntsiab zoo tshaj rau tus nqi ntawm cov khoom no yog nws cov marginal nqi hluav taws xob, uas yog nyob rau hauv lem rau subjective kev luj xyuas ntawm tus neeg lawv xav tau kev pab. Rau clarity, xav txog cov nram piv txwv. Puas xav tau ib tug millionaire yog nyob rau hauv lub Sahara suab puam thiab nyob ib tug kub ntawm txog 40 ° nqhis dej heev. Nyob rau hauv lub hnab tshos ntawm nws ris yog ib tug puv tes ntawm diamonds. Thiab ces muaj ib tug Bedouin los ntawm lub wineskin ntawm dej thiab muaj rau cov lag luam tawm diamonds nyob rau hauv dej. Tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no rau tus neeg yuav muaj ntau tus nqi? Nws yog pom tseeb tias cov dej raws li nws sau qhov uas yuav tuag tsis tau nws.

Siv lwm cov piv txwv. Xav txog tej yam uas nyob rau ib tug kub Lub Xya hli ntuj hnub, koj tuaj nyob rau ib kiosk nrog ice cream, thiab koj txiav txim siab mus yuav ib tug pob. Ces, thaum nej tau noj cov thawj feem, peb yuav ib tug thib ob, vim hais tias txawm lub ice cream koj xav tau, tab sis tsis yog li xav. Tom qab lub thib ob pob yog twb pib mus xav hais tias, mus yuav tus thib peb los yog tsis. Thiab yog hais tias ib tug neeg muaj noj rau hauv cov plaub los yog tsib, koj yog tsis zoo li yuav pom zoo. Qhov kev piv txwv qhia txog txoj kev cai ploj zuj zus nqi hluav taws xob, uas hais tias raws li kev tsuas xyaus ntawm tib neeg xav tau kev pab lub usefulness ntawm tej yam rau nws poob.

Ntawm UFW ntawm cov kev tshawb xav ntawm marginal nqi hluav taws xob ntseeg hais tias tus noj ntawm ib yam khoom los yog kev pab li cas rau tus txiv neej "incremental" xwm. Qhov no txhais tau tias lub buyer feem ntau tsis ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "tag nrho los yog tsis muaj dab tsi", thiab maj mam nce tus naj npawb ntawm consumable khoom los yog cov kev pab, raws li ntev raws li tsis kom los siav lawv xav tau.

Yog li, paub txog hais tias xws li ib tug marginal nqi hluav taws xob, peb yuav kos peb lub ntsiab lus xaus:

1. Rau txhua ntxiv neeg cov khoom yog ib tug ntxiv nqi hluav taws xob, uas yog hu ua "marginal."
2. Qhov ntau cov khoom rau hauv lub buyer yuav haus, tus yuav siv tsis tau nws yog rau txhua tus tom ntej chav tsev ntawm cov khoom. Yog li, peb yuav xyuam xim hais tias cov marginal nqi hluav taws xob yog zuj zus lawm ua cim. Thiab ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov khoom thiab cov marginal nqi hluav taws xob ntawm ib tug rov qab sib raug zoo. Nws essence yog hais tias lub me kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm cov khoom (khoom) ib tug neeg, qhov ntau nqi rau nws cov khoom no. Nws hloov tawm hais tias nws tus nqi yog txiav txim los ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm nqi hluav taws xob, uas yog tus kawg unit tej yam zoo uas yuav los siav kawg ceev yuav tsum tau.
3. Thaum siv ib tug tej yam muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm cov chav nyob ntawm ib yam khoom (piv txwv li, ice cream), tus neeg tau txais tus nqi ntawm cov nqi vaj tse, zuj zus lawm txhua lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb xav economic hu ua tus txheej txheem tsev ntawm marginal nqi hluav taws xob "Jutila." Yog hais tias tau ntawm ice cream yuav thawj tus neeg usefulness 7 Jutila, thib ob - 6, peb - 5, thiab plaub - 4 Jutila, tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cov khoom no yuav ua ncaj rau 22 Jutila (a marginal nqi hluav taws xob yog 4 Jutila). Tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm txhua kev batch ntawm ice cream yuav tsum muaj ib tug yuav txo tau nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov (zuag qhia tag nrho) nqi hluav taws xob thiab simultaneous nce ntawm marginal nqi hluav taws xob kawg ntim. Piv txwv li, yog tias ib tug neeg yog tsis kam los ntawm lub plaub feem, tag nrho cov nqi hluav taws xob (TU) yuav ua ncaj rau 18 units, thiab cov marginal nqi hluav taws xob (MU) yuav tsum muaj 5, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm peb feem ntawm TU yuav 13 units, thiab MU yuav nce mus rau 6, thiab hais txog. Etc. .