Minerals Finland. Kev lag luam thiab Economics nyob rau hauv Finland

Qhov tsab xov xwm yuav sib tham txog Finland minerals, lawv extraction, ua thiab lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Pib no lub npe yuav muaj ib tug deb ntawm txog ib lub sij hawm ntawm peb billion xyoo dhau los, thaum cov chaw twb faus nyob rau hauv ib tug lossis loj glacier. Mas ua tsaug rau tus txheej xwm ntawm lub sij hawm uas fossils ntawm Finland nyob rau hauv xws li xov tooj.

ice hnub nyoog

Nws yog thaum lub sij hawm cov dej khov hnub nyoog nyob rau hauv ib tug lossis loj granite siv lead ua vaj huam sib luag uas ib tug lossis loj hnyav txheej ntawm cov dej khov mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab rau cov neeg uas tsim ob tug loj pas dej - lub Gulf ntawm Bothnia thiab lub hiav txwv Baltic, lub yav tas thawj pas dej. Nws Glaciers tsim lub topography ntawm Finland. Cov dej khov thickness ntau dua tshaj peb kilometers twb tau mus khoov lub ntiaj teb nws tus kheej. Lawv kuj tau coj deb ntawm tus nto ntawm ntau tshaj xya meters ntawm pob zeb.

Tag nrho cov system ntawm lub Finnish cov pas dej thiab loj loj boulders coj los ntawm ib tug ntau yuav qhia tau li cas Finland nyem muab tawm li cas peb pom niaj hnub no. Peb ib xees ntawm lub teb chaws - nws yog kiag li qhib granite, thiab txawm kaum ib feem pua - tib yam granite underground ntawm ib tug tob ntawm ib 'meter'. Tsaug rau Ice Age fossils nyob rau hauv Finland yog ib tug plurality uas tsis yog-ferrous thiab tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb co. Qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv ancient lub sij hawm no yog lub teb chaws ntawm lub glacier, nws pom tau tias kiag li tag nrho cov thoob lub teb chaws.

Finland tam sim no

Qhov chaw uas yog Finland, - sab qaum teb ntawm teb chaws Europe. Qhov loj tshaj ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws yog nyob rau hauv lub Scandinavian ceg av qab teb. Nws qhia ciam teb rau lwm nrog Norway, Russia, Sweden, nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv - nrog Estonia. Lub cheeb tsam nws yog me me - peb puas peb caug yim txhiab square kilometers. Muaj txog tsib thiab ib nrab lab cov neeg, ib tug loj ib feem ntawm uas yog nyob rau hauv lub capital - Helsinki - thiab lwm yam me me lub zos, thiab tsuas yog peb caug feem pua ntawm cov pejxeem - nyob rau hauv lwm cov cheeb tsam. Lub abundance ntawm cov pas dej, hav zoov, swamps - ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm hais tias ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb no qhov twg muaj yog Finland.

Tsis muaj tsawg interesting thaj cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no muaj thiab fauna. Bears thiab mos lwj yog tsis yooj yim dua, tab sis lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Finland yog yeej ib txwm portrayed tsis lub tsev nyob rau hauv cov chaw tsov ntxhuav (txawm tias nws yog ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv 1580 nws tau hu ua tus huab tais ntawm beasts trot). Txij li thaum feem ntau ntawm nws lub neej (txog tsib puas xyoo) Finland muaj raws li ib tug xeev ntawm Sweden, nws yog tus Swedish huab tais Gustav kuv yuav mus rau cov duab no. Tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Finland ces nyob rau hauv nws lub pej thuam nyob rau hauv lub Gothic lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub nroog ntawm Uppsala. Tom qab ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm, Finland yog ib feem ntawm Russia, thiab ces tus tsov ntxhuav (los yog lynx) yog xwm li nyob rau hauv lub ntaub thaiv npog, uas yog nyob rau ntawm lub hauv siab ntawm lub imperial double-taws dav dawb hau.

geography

Geography ntawm Finland heev peculiar: ntau tshaj ob feem peb ntawm nws cov chaw uas zoo heev dag ob puas meters hauv qab no hiav txwv theem thiab muaj ib tug saib ntawm lub cuam kawb Moraine nras uas nquag tsos ntawm cov pob zeb, hollows ntawm cov pas dej thiab ridges ntawm toj - Salpausselkä, Suomenselkä, Manselkya.

North-sab hnub poob ntawm lub teb chaws nyob los ntawm cov Scandinavian roob (lawv sab hnub tuaj extremity). Lub qhov siab ntawm lub roob nce mus txog 1365 meters nyob rau hauv Finland - ib lub roob Haltiatunturi. Ib tug me ntsis tsawg tshaj li rau caum txhiab lub pas dej, los yog yim feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ib tug loj dej system. Length ntawm tus dej yog tsis cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis lawv yog cov tag nrho ntawm rapids thiab siab dej.

geology

Geology ntawm Finland yog txiav txim los ntawm nws qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub Baltic ntaub thaiv npog. Early Precambrian metamorphic pob zeb no, raws li zoo raws li granite, thiab tag nrho lawv ciali podornuty taws kub nnyiab ya glacier thiab glacial deposits ntawm lub Quaternary lub sij hawm. Retreat ntawm lub glacier yog li ntawd pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho lawv theem. Bothnia crosses txhaum tsam uas extends mus rau feem ntau Ladoga pas dej cheeb tsam faib Precambrian formations lub sij hawm mus rau hauv ob qhov chaw. Rau sab hnub tuaj kis ntawm Archean greenstone koj cov menyuam ntawm lub sij hawm, dramatically overlapping clastic sediments thiab volcanics Jatulian (Early Proterozoic).

Nws yog nrog lawv thiab yog txuam nrog rau tso ntawm ores ntawm zoo zoo nkauj tshooj (thiab lwm tus neeg - yooj yim): cov ore tsis yog tsuas yog kub, tab sis kuj uranium, hlau, tooj liab, npib tsib xee, puag hlau, vanadium thiab cobalt. Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob yog cov calcareous alkaline pob zeb, shales thiab greywacke nyob rau hauv ob billion xyoo, uas raug tsim los ntawm volcanic kob arcs thiab marginal seas. Lawv yog cov nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw lawv plutons intruded los ntawm granitoids, qhov twg ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw - Tsentralnofinlyandsky batholith. Muaj ib tug ntau me me tso ntawm polymetallic, tooj liab, hlau, npib tsib xee thiab tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb ore.

kev tshawb fawb

Nyob rau hauv 1947, lub scientific Geological Society, nyob rau hauv 1970 reorganized lub academy yog ib lub koom haum nyob rau hauv Finland. Nws yog ib lub caij nyoog kawg no, thiab yog koom nyob rau hauv geology thiab tsuas affairs ntawm lub teb chaws. Lub curator yog ib tug tshwj xeeb pawg, ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub Academy qauv uas muaj mej zeej yog zaum nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm tej yam ntuj tso sciences. Hnubpoob teeb meem thiab yuav pab tau daws tau ib feem ntawm cov Academy Board, kev soj ntsuam txog nrog hauj kev tshawb fawb, thiab nco ntsoov mus rau hauv tag nrho cov lus nug ntau tshaj ib lub tswv yim - kawm ib puag ncig.

Nyob rau hauv Finland, universities yog kawm thiab tsuas thiab geology, tab sis cov no disciplines yog qhia nyob rau hauv lub tuam ntawm lub tuam (natural sciences) nrog cov tib tug kos. Qhov no yog lub nroog ntawm Helsinki University of Technology - State university, nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1908. Muaj yog ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib department ntawm metallurgy thiab tsuas. Txawm li cas los, koj hu tau rau ib tug ntau ntawm Finnish universities uas qhia ntau yam ntawm kev kawm, uas yog kev cob cog rua inseparably nrog tsuas thiab geology, txawm lub fact tias cov departments tsis cais thiab qhov, thiab yog mob siab rau lub ntuj sciences.

minerals Finland

Chrome ore Finland yog tsis tshua muaj nplua nuj. Kuj muaj cov loj loj stocks thiab zinc, cobalt, npib tsib xee, tooj liab, apatite, vanadium, thiab tiv thaiv cov peat. Hlau ore yog mined nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv lub teb Pahtovara txheej txheem glandular quartzites, nyob rau hauv Kaymaryavi - apatites thiab magnetites, thiab McCall, Hitura thiab Kotalahti muab tooj liab thiab npib tsib xee. Ores ntawm zoo zoo nkauj tshooj tsim nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm Finland, Kemi thiab sab qaum teb Lapland. Vammala deposit, Outokumpu, Vihanti muaj kub, nyiaj thiab kub dawb pab pawg neeg hlau (tus tom kawg yog negligible qhia).

Tsis tshua muaj co yog muab rho tawm nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb thiab hauv paus cheeb tsam, nyob qhov twg loj teb yog Kangasala Kemiyo thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ilmenite ore yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm lub xub ntiag, phlogopite, magnetite, zircon, pyrochlore baddelita. Ore apatites, chromium, vanadium yog heev tseem ceeb, nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw ntawm lub nqi ntawm cobalt - thib ob. Tsis tas li ntawd ib tug ntau ntawm cov hlau ore, zinc, tooj liab, npib tsib xee. Peat thiab tsis-metallic minerals yog muab rho tawm lug nyob rau hauv Finland. Peat deposits yog heev heev heev thiab nyob zoo thoob plaws lub teb chaws, tab sis nyob rau hauv me me, txhua ntawm lawv yog me me. Kev lag kev luam tsim deposits nyob rau hauv excess ntawm nees nkaum hectares, uas nqaws yuav tsum tau ntau tshaj li ob meters. Nyob rau hauv Finland, raws li tsis tag nrho xws li nyiaj.

ore

Yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm cov deposits ntawm uranium ore yog nyob rau hauv lub Karelian quartzite-shale complex los yog nyob rau ntawm tus ciam teb ntawm lub Archean granite-gneiss complex. Ntawm tseem ceeb daim ntawv tso tau Kolari Paltamo Paukayanvare thiab Noutiyarvi. Hlau ores muaj nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-western thiab central qhov chaw ntawm Finland. Feem ntau cov feem ntau lawv yog txuam nrog rau Karelian orogeny, nws leptitovoy tsim.

Ntawm cov ores muaj ferruginous quartzites (Pahtovara), apatite thiab magnetidy (Kaymayarvi thiab lwm tus), magnetite skarns (Oriyarvi thiab Tervola), ilmenite-magnetite (nyob rau hauv Otanmyaki thiab lwm qhov chaw). Skarn deposits yog tsim thiab magmatic complex. Vanadium thiab titanium nyob rau hauv lub ore yog nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj thaum xaus ntawm lub Baltic ntaub thaiv npog. Cov lug yog txuam nrog rau lub Lower thiab sredneproterozoyskim lub sij hawm. Lawv yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub teb thiab Mustavara Otanmyaki.

polymetals

Chromium ore yog feeb meej nyob rau hauv ib tug teb, uas pub tau mov rau tag nrho cov duas paub kev lag luam nyob rau hauv Finland. Qhov no Kemi - nyob rau hauv lub Gulf ntawm Bothnia, nyob rau hauv nws sab qaum teb ntug dej. Cobalt, npib tsib xee, tooj liab thiab cov zoo li uas tsis yog-ferrous co tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ores nyob rau hauv Ladoga Bothnia siv, thiab geological thiab muaj teb qhia ob hom. Qhov no tooj liab-npib tsib xee sulfide nyob rau hauv Kotalahtinskoy subband siv (McCall, Hitura, Kotalahti thiab lwm tus), nyob rau hauv nruab nrab tooj liab cov ntsiab lus ntawm 0.3%, thiab npib tsib xee - 1.2%.

Qhov thib ob hom - yog stratimorfnye pyrite deposits uas yog txuam nrog graphite dub shales (Hammaslakti, Vuonos, Outokumpu, thiab lwm tus), nyob rau cov nyiaj cov ntsiab lus - 11 grams tauj ib tuj ntawm ore, kub - mus txog rau ib tug gram ntawm zinc - 7%, tooj liab - 3, 5%, thiab muaj ib tug me ntsis ntawm cobalt thiab npib tsib xee. Ores nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb roj teb nyob rau Baltic ntaub thaiv npog, nyob qhov twg, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus zinc thiab ua muaj kub, tej tooj, nyiaj, thiab ntau lwm yam hais.

kev lag luam Finland

Cov kev yam ntxwv ntawm nyiaj txiag cov kev ua ub ntawm lub teb chaws GDP twb nyob rau hauv 1986 li cas 357 billion FIM. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias qhov no daim duab yog tas li thiab tsis tshee loj hlob. Ib tug interesting feature yog hais tias lub tsuas kev lag luam lees paub rau xwb ib feem kaum ntawm ib tug feem pua ntawm GDP, thiab raug kev lag luam - ntau tshaj nees nkaum feem pua.

Dua li ntawm qhov haum loj reserves ntawm mineral kev pab, lub ntsiab ntuj wealth yog suav tias yog ib lub hav zoov uas npog ntau tshaj ib nrab ntawm tag nrho lub teb chaws. Raws li, tag nrho cov ntsiab ceg ntawm lub Finnish kev khwv nyiaj txiag yog koom nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kev pab cuam. Muaj teeb meem nyob rau hauv Finland nrog lub zog, txawm hais tias pib coj mus muag kev loj hlob ntawm deposits ntawm khoom thiab kua roj a.

Raws li nws yog

Mineral kev pab yog raug tsim nyob rau hauv Finland txij ancient sij hawm, txawm lub Finnish legends (runes) qhia ntawm cov hlau ores. Txawm tias mus txog rau lub thib kaum peb xyoo pua, hauv tas li ntawd pob zeb thiab hlau, tsis txhob siv tej yam. Tsuas kev lag luam thaum lub sij hawm lub Swedish txoj cai nyob rau hauv Finland twb tsis tsim, vim hais tias txawm rau qhov kev tshawb kawm thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov kev loj hlob yuav tsum tau muaj tus kheej tso cai ntawm tus huab tais ntawm Sweden.

Nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum rau xyoo pua pib kuv hlau ore thiab npua hlau yaj txiav txim siab xwb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo, thiab nws yog nyob ze rau qhov artisanal ntau lawm. Nyob rau hauv lub puas tawm xyoo dhau, twb nyob rau hauv Russia, cov tub ceev xwm pib los txhawb thiab kev tshawb kawm thiab extraction ntawm mineral raw cov ntaub ntawv.

Raws li nws yog

Nyob rau hauv 1812, lub Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tsim nyob rau hauv nws thawj thawj Finnish xeev ntawm Mines, mus coj cov kev tshawb kawm txog mineral cov kev pab thiab lawv cov kev siv. Tus thawj concession Kulonsuonmyaki tau txais kuv rau extraction ntawm hlau ore, thiab tau muaj nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kaum ob nyob rau hauv 1829 xws deposits. Vim lub ua kom muaj siab kev ntsuas ntawm cov txog peb tons ntawm hlau ore, thiab cov kev loj hlob ntawm lub lag luam tseem. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub xeev loj-muaj, ua ntau tshaj li tsib caug me me private mines qhov twg lub ore zoo npaum li cas ua tsis tau zoo rau cov tub ntxhais.

Zog ntawm Guj kuj coj ib tug hlau thiab tooj liab luag hauj lwm-dawb, yog li lawm txoj kev loj hlob zoo tshaj plaub caug yim txhiab tons nyob rau hauv 1860. Tooj Oriyarvi pib tsim nyob rau hauv 1832, thiab nyob rau hauv 1870, twb tau tsim polymetallic deposits nyob rau hauv Pitkyaranta. By 1895, Finland ua 5.195 tonnes ntawm tooj liab, 425 tons ntawm tin, yuav luag yim tons ntawm nyiaj, thiab nyob rau hauv Lapland pauj ntxuav kub - mus txog rau tsib caug kilograms ib xyoo. Quarried granite, syenite, uas tau siv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Finland: muaj ntau lub tsev ntawm St. Petersburg tau ntsib nrog rau cov Finnish pob zeb. Niaj hnub no, tag nrho cov khoom ntawm lub tsuas kev lag luam nyob rau hauv Finland yog nqi ntau tshaj li ib tug billion euros ib xyoo, uas tau dab tsi rau luag tsib caug uas twb muaj lawm qhauj.