Modernism nyob rau hauv architecture. Yeej ntawm architecture. Niaj hnub nimno yeej ntawm architecture

Modernism nyob rau hauv architecture thiab kos duab tej zaum yuav tsis meej pem nrog tiam no. Xws li ib tug misconception yog to taub, vim nws los ntawm lub niaj zaus logic: cognates qhia txog qhov qub, tab sis nyob rau hauv kev xyaum qhov teeb meem no yog sib txawv. Nouveau - ib lub sij hawm uas lub sij lub keeb kwm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus teb ntawm cov kos duab, whereas modernism - ib tug meej kev taw qhia, uas yog yus tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas los ntawm yam khoom tshwj xeeb, raws li ib tug zam ntawm kev kawm txawj thiab ua kom pom tseeb ntawm lub xyoo dhau los.

Nws muaj peev xwm thiab yuav tsum tau saib tsis tsuas yog raws li ib tug kws kes duab vajtse, tab sis kuj yog ib tug keeb kwm tshwm sim. By thiab loj, nws yog ib tug litmus xeem yuav muaj teebmeem rau txhua yam uas tau tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no thiab lub neej nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub minds ntawm cov neeg. Modernism - style saib ntawm lub neej, ib tug cim ntawm kev cia siab ntawm lub sij hawm.

Qhov twg?

lub sij hawm nws tus kheej originates los ntawm lub Italian, qhov twg lo lus modernismo txhais li "niaj hnub thoob plaws." Feem ntau, cov lus nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim, kuj ceeb tias koom - muaj ib tug zoo li lub ntsiab lus, thiab Fabkis lo lus MODERNE, thiab lus Askiv - niaj hnub.

Lub advent ntawm modernism txhais los ntawm ib tug lub siab xav mus txav mus rau ib tug qualitatively tshiab theem ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws cov ces. Tus tshiab xyoo pua thiab tshiab technologies tau tsim ib tug cult ntawm science nyob rau hauv nws cov hypertrophied daim ntawv no, uas yuav muab tau twb tsis siv rau cov tib "hyperboloid ntawm Engineer Garin". Cov pejxeem ntawm cov teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv lub 20-ies ntawm XX xyoo pua tau renounced lub legacy ntawm yav dhau los thiab dramatically tshiab lub yeej ntawm architecture.

Raws li historians, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm modernism tau txais ib tug boost raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm revolutions, ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv cov nom tswv arena raws li nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub siab. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug tshiab qauv yog ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv rau qhov tshaj ntawm pathos, laus-fashioned thiab affectedness, uas twb xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv tib Victorian style. Catalyst rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm steel hauj kho uas tau tso cai rau siv nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, yav tas los tsis cuag vim lub primitiveness ntawm lub ntau lawm txheej txheem.

pib

Ideological modernism pib tau pw nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo. Cov txheej txheem muaj pov thawj yuav tsum tau nyuaj heev: nws depended rau ntawm lub me ntsis tej yam uas, seemingly deb ntawm lub architecture. Qhov no lub sij hawm twb cim los ntawm ib tug surge nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub lag luam. Ib tug ntau ntawm cov neeg mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub nroog loj vim lub influx ntawm vaj tse tshiab los ua cov pej xeem yog heev me me, nrawm nroos ua ib lub tsev tshiab nyob rau hauv uas qhov tau khiab tsev nyob cov tuaj tshiab. Dai tsev mock loog qhia nyob rau hauv monograms, tsis tsuag tsuag, preferring los mas austerity. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lub architecture ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo caum heev dua lwm yam tswv yim pab.

Basic tenets ntawm modernism

Tej yam me me koj yuav tau saib kom muaj ib qho infinitely ntev lub sij hawm, yog li tsom xim rau ntsiab lus tseem ceeb.

• Niaj hnub nimno architecture tsim nrog rau feem ntau fashionable, feem ntau tshaj cov khoom siv thiab kev tsim kho txawv txawv, uas tsis yog-tus qauv daim ntawv no. Ntev nyob lub kiv puag ncig Industrialization! Vaj tse ua tawm ntawm cov iav, hlau thiab pob zeb ua. Vim lub fact tias feem ntau cov qhauj ua classic cib, muaj heev me ntsis kev paub txog cov kev kho vajtse, muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv mus tsis muaj nyiaj, tsis tau mus koom lub tshiab yoj.
• Lub koom haum ntawm lub hauv qhov chaw no yog qhia feem nyob rau hauv functionality. Rationality muab tso rau lub forefront, raws li txwv mus rau tus thawj ib nrab ntawm cov XIX caug xyoo. Vaj tse rau cov neeg, tsis yog cov neeg rau cov vaj tse - tag nrho cov kev kawm rau tib neeg yooj yim, qhov aspirant nyob rau hauv niaj hnub lub sij hawm.
• Sau kom tiav renunciation ntawm hniav ntsiab nyob rau hauv ntau nrog yav dhau los. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub tswvyim ntawm "embellishment" xa mus raws li tsim nyog ntawm ib tug tshiab era, qhuas nruj kev dawb huv.
• Qhov uas tsis muaj lub teb chaws tsis ncaj ncees qhia nyob rau hauv cov kev siv ntawm lub tsev los yog nws tsim, yav tom ntej yog ib tug rau tag nrho cov.

headwaters

Modernism nyob rau hauv architecture yog pom raws li synonymous nrog tiam no, tab sis nws yeej tsis muaj tseeb yog hais tias tsuas vim hais tias ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias lub sij hawm nws sab laug qab, khov nyob rau hauv lub eighties ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov no qauv yog tsis yog ib tug tag nrho - vim hais tias ntawm nws cov subjectivity thiab muaj ntau haiv neeg nws tau tsim ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov ceg ntoo, differing ntawm lawv tus kheej.

• Lub ntuj architecture. Txwv tsis pub, nws yog hu ua organic. Los ntawm lub npe nws tus kheej nws yog ib qhov tseeb li cas lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov no sib, txawm li cas los, nws muaj nws tus kheej "tab sis." Adherents nws yog muab tso rau hauv lub plawv ntawm ib tug tej yam ntuj tso, mos ntaub ntawv xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho tsis yeej ib txwm yog tas rau cov "cov pob zeb thiab ntoo." Qhov loj tshaj plaws yog tias cov kev pab muaj kev ruaj ntseg, tsim - yog lom thiab toj roob hauv pes - tej yam ntuj tso.
• Bauhaus. Functionality nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv. Gaudily-liab qab tsev, ib tug ua tiav tsis muaj hniav ntsiab, ib tug ua ke ntawm kev kab ntsab thiab nqi hluav taws xob identically kev zoo nkauj.
• Art Deco. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm modernism kev taw qhia nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias qhov no yog lub feem ntau tiag tiag li, cov yooj yim tshaj plaws. Style plays rau lub sib piv nrog rau Bauhaus, raws li nyob rau hauv lub bold geometry, eclecticism, nruj regularity (txhua chav tsev thiab ua raws kev cai nrog rau lub sij hawm thiab qhov chaw), daring cov ntaub ntawv thiab unrestrained yees rau khoom kim heev raws li qhia nyob rau hauv lub boldest ntaub ntawv los ntawm kaus ntxhw mus nab qa dej.
• Brutalism. Qhia nyob rau hauv qhuav ib yam me me, tsis muaj kev kho mob ntawm tus nto qauv. Raws li yog cov ntaub ntawv thaum lub npe tag nrho qhia cov essence.
• Internationalism. Lub tswv yim yooj yim yog cov rejection uas muaj kev lis kev cai cuab yeej cuab tam.
• Rationalism thiab Constructivism. Ntsiab yeej nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm lub Soviet Union, ntxiv rau cov hauv qab no.

Ntaub ntawv thiab cov piv txwv

Style modernism nyob rau hauv architecture pib tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm kev txhim kho nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua cov ntaub ntawv tshiab technologies. Piv txwv li, cov cheeb tsam no tshuav nws cov me nyuam yug rau lub gardener Zhozefu Mone, uas tsim lub reinforced. Interestingly dab tsi peb tau txais los ntawm kev huam yuaj: nws yog Ameslikas los cia li ua rau ib lub taub ntim nroj tsuag, uas yuav los siav tag nrho nws xav tau kev pab.

Siv uas tau ua los ntawm no ua vaj tse, distinguished los ntawm unprecedented yooj yim, ib tug tej zaum txawm hais tias, lightness tiv thaiv ib tug tom qab li ib txwm loj lug.

Nws xub pom daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv industrial siv (tsis phem rau ib tug cov ntaub ntawv uas Ameslikas yuav tsum mus yuav tus tub, tsis yog nws?), Thiab ces tsiv mus rau hauv lub cheeb ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev vaj tse. Vim hais tias ntawm no tuaj mus nyob amazing rau lub sij hawm uas, tej hauj lwm ntawm architecture, amazing saib nrog nws tau.

Lightness thiab paub lub dag lub zog ua kev reinforced modernism. Style ntawm architecture los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd muab mus rau hauv ib lub ntiaj teb: nws pub kom lawv muaj overlapping platforms ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb, chaw nrog stunning coob spans thiab tshaj. Nws yuav tsum tau hais raws li ib qho piv txwv rau hauv lub Crystal Palace nyob rau hauv London, lub Brooklyn Bridge thiab, ntawm chav kawm, lub Dancing tsev nyob rau hauv Prague. Ntawm no nws yog tsim nyog los tham nyias.

Yuav tsum dhia ntawm peb?

Muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj ob qhov chaw nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov thooj voos kheej kheej - ib tug ntawm lawv yog ua nyob rau hauv lub classic style, thiab lub thib ob - nyob rau hauv cov tug. Dancing tsev hu ua vim hais tias nws nws zoo tsa ib tug seev cev poj niam - ib daim duab nrog ib tug nyias lub duav rov sauv thiab ntws tiab tsim lub illusion ntawm lub zog. Needless hais tias cov qauv yog nyob rau hauv stark sib piv nrog rau classical vaj tse uas sawv ntsug sab by sab.

Lub Soviet Union

Modernism nyob rau hauv architecture tsis dhau thiab peb lub teb chaws. Qhov no yog feem ntau kom meej meej pom nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub twenties ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, qhia nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia ntawm rationalism thiab constructivism. Cia peb xav txog txhua ntawm lawv.

rationalism

Lub sij hawm yog txhais los ntawm Latin txhais tau tias "tsim nyog", thiab hais tias yog nws. Nws tsos tau tshwm sim los ntawm tib lub kev kawm. Zoo nkauj xav tau kev pab ntawm cov neeg tau hloov, thiab nyob rau hauv Russia - Monogram muab txoj kev mus rau ib tug cos yam, txhua nqa ib txog kev ua. Lub abundance ntawm qhov chaw, simplicity, practicality, striving rau lub meej, tsis muaj "kev zoo nkauj kev zoo nkauj lub hom phiaj." Modernism ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th siv lwm txoj kev cawv rau lub xaav ntawm tus neeg. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias qhov no yog cov kev taw qhia ntawm ib tug ntau "nyob" tshaj nws successor constructivism: rationalism sim muab cov vaj tse du, qab ntxiag mus rau perceive kab thiab nrhiav.

Tej tshwm sim feem ntau yog khi rau lub personalities, tsis tau dhau no khob thiab no style. Ideological inspirer thiab tus thawj coj ntawm lub ncauj ke yog kes duab lub vajtse thiab kawm Nicholas Ladovsky. Txawm nws txhais ntawm architecture twb permeated lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug lub neej: nws sau hais tias cov architecture ua hauj lwm nrog cov chaw thiab qhov chaw nyob nruab nrab ntawm tag nrho cov peb xav hais tias adherents ntawm rationalism. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm uas ntawm lub xyoo dhau los tsis tau raug tsis pom zoo, thiab txais thiab cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv raws li cov tswv yim. Qhov no kev taw qhia yog ib qho tseem ceeb kauj ruam nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ib tug tshiab duab ntawm Soviet architecture, txawm lub fact tias nws yog tsawg nrov tshaj constructivism, uas yog kub nyob rau hauv nws luj taws.

constructionism

Qhov no tsim tsim uas tseem ceeb modernism ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th los ntawm tag nrho cov. Qhov no sib yuav suav hais tias lub apotheosis ntawm practicality thiab qhov tseeb technology.

Lub adherents ntawm constructivism, tsis zoo li lub rationalists, chiefly hais ntxiv txog qhov functionality ntawm lub tsev, thaum tsis lub yooj yim ntawm cov neeg. Nws twb rau rau siab ua tus neeg pej xeem lub hom phiaj ntawm realization ntawm hnyav tswv yim. Tsim ntawm yav dhau los vehemently tsis pom zoo, los tsim ib yam dab tsi tshiab, radically sib txawv.

Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, qhov no tau muaj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hais tsis zoo commune-tsev (nyob rau hauv ntau "communal"), uas nullified tau solitude: me me chav, qhia da dej nrog da dej, muab qhia chav ua noj. Txhua yam yog kev kawm mus rau nruj logic thiab cov cai. Txhua yam yog kev zoo rau ntawm daim ntawv, tab sis tsis yog-haumxeeb nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub.

Yog hais tias peb coj nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, cov style ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture ntawm lub sij hawm uas muaj ib lub hom phiaj - sai li sai tau mus rau kauj ruam mus rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, kom poob lub shackles ntawm lub xyoo dhau los ntawm stagnation thiab nrog txhua kauj ruam ntawm niaj hnub practicality, raws huv kab.

tiam

Rau hnub tim, tsis muaj ib qho fashionable style, uas yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm vaj tse. Teev tej kev txog kev tso cai kom indulge nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov loj heev - tam sim no txhua leej txhua tus yog lub tsev raws li nws pom. Txawm li cas los, ntawm tag nrho cov ntau ntau yam yog tseem tau paub qhov txawv cov nram qab no niaj hnub architectural yeej:

• Hi-tech - ib tug Ode rau kev kawm, lub active txheem ntawm naturalness.
• Bio-tech - ib tug Ode mus rau qhov, qhov fab ntxeev ntawm thawj pawg lus: ntws ntuj kab, simulation ntawm muaj sia.
• Postmodernism - ib tug Ode rau lub historic thiab eclectic quirkiness cov ntaub ntawv, hu rau modernism nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws cov hwjchim ci ntsa iab.
• Kitsch - ib tug Ode rau npau taws thiab phem saj. Grotesque, exaggerated paub meej. Loog yog theem nrab, cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - mus pov ib tug kev sib tw rau lub neej sawv tawm los ntawm cov neeg coob coob.

tshwm sim

Modernism nyob rau hauv architecture tau sab sab nws tus kheej mus rau lub 80-th xyoo ntawm lub thib nees nkaum caug xyoo. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, cov vaj tse ua tau lub tsev nyob rau hauv raws li nws canons, tseem ua tau hauj lwm ntse, tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi tshiab ua tau. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias lub xyoo ntawm muaj koob meej tom qab, tsis tau underestimated modernism - nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kauj ruam ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm architecture nyob rau hauv feem ntau.