Soviet architecture: hauj lwm, keeb kwm thiab nthuav tseeb

Cov kev siv ntawm tus tshiab haiv neeg yuav tsum tau reflected nyob rau hauv lub kab lis kev cai ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv dav dav thiab architecture nyob rau hauv particular. Soviet architecture tau ncaim mus ob peb theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, nws paub lub sijhawm thiab downs, tab sis nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub nws tau los ua ib tug kev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no architecture. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, muaj ob peb architects lub siab tshaj plaws qib, thiab niaj hnub no cov loj post-Soviet qhov chaw, koj yuav saib tau ob peb masterpieces ntawm lub ntiaj teb teev. Peb piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas evolved style ntawm Soviet architecture, thiab yuav ua li cas nws muaj evolved.

Nta thiab paub tab ntawm Soviet architecture

Tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig ntawm 1917, lub tshiab tsoom fwv yog nquag embarked rau ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov spheres ntawm lub neej. Rau ib tug thaum txhua yam nws yog tsis mus txog rau lub architecture, tab sis nws sai sai no los ua tseeb hais tias nws, dhau lawm, yuav tsum ua ib tug ideological muaj nuj nqi, raws li tag nrho cov so ntawm daim duab. Nyob rau hauv lub 20 xyoo ua ntej lub architects twb tsis muab tso rau ncaj qha rau kev ua hauj lwm ntawm txoj kev ib tug tshiab qhov chaw, tab sis cov creators rau lawv tus kheej muaj xav hais tias nws yog lub sij hawm rau cov tshiab cov ntaub ntawv thiab pib mus nrhiav cov kev qhia ntawm cov tswv yim rau kev hloov. Tab sis tom qab ntawd Soviet architecture yog tsim los pab cov tswv yim ntawm socialism. Tag nrho cov kos duab nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union yog los ua pov thawj lub xwb yog txoj kev ntawm txoj kev loj hlob - ib tug socialist. Qhov no coj mus rau lub ntsiab nta ntawm Soviet architecture, uas yeej ib txwm muaj yuav tsum tau feem ntau ideological, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xeem - zoo nkauj. Yog hais tias thaum xub thawj, lub creators tswj kom muab tseem nyiam lub tswv yim ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab ces maj mam muab txoj kev mus rau lub loog ntawm lub utilitarian, thiab qhov no coj mus rau ib tug poob rau hauv lub peev xwm ntawm kuj zoo kawg architecture.

keeb kwm sketch

Cov kev loj hlob ntawm Soviet architecture twb dhau ob peb theem. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm no phenomenon yog txuam nrog lub sij hawm ntawm 20 - pib ntawm lub 30s, thaum muaj active nrhiav tshiab cov ntaub ntawv, reinvents lub classic hom kev kawm ntawm architecture. Thaum lub sij hawm no tsim ob lub ntsiab lus qhia ntawm lub avant-garde Soviet architecture: constructivism thiab rationalism. Qhov kawg ntawm lub 30s nws yuav tseeb hais tias cov avant-garde yog tsis nyob rau hauv txoj kev mus rau lub Soviet ideological kab lis kev cai. Nws pib tsim ib tug tshiab architecture, uas aims mus noj peb caug lub greatness thiab achievements ntawm tus socialist lub tswv yim. Ua raws li cov tswv yim ntawm lub sij hawm tiv thaiv tau tus ob ntiaj teb rog, tom qab uas ib tug tshiab lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv architecture. Nws yog txuam tsis tau tsuas yog nrog cov kho tshiab ntawm lub puam tsuaj lub zos, tab sis kuj cov creation ntawm ib tug tshiab qhov chaw uas yuav txhawb ib tug txiv neej ib tug txiav txim zoo uas muaj nuj nqis nyob rau hauv lawv lub teb chaws. Nws yog nyob rau no ideological hauv paus yog tsim los ntawm Stalin lub faj tim teb chaws, nrog nws cov propensity rau teev. Thaum pib ntawm lub 60s exacerbated qhov teeb meem ntawm pej xeem architecture. Cov neeg nyob rau hauv subhuman tej yam kev mob, thiab qhov no yuav tsis tau ntaus nqi rau tus ncej-tsov rog reconstruction. Nws yog tsim nyog los daws tau qhov teeb meem ntawm loj cov vaj tse siv. Qhov teeb meem no twb daws tau los ntawm maximizing cheaper tej yaam num. Nws yog ib tug kev puas tsuaj rau lub Soviet architecture. uas tau xaiv tsis yog tus zoo tshaj plaws txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev mus tom qab lub Fabkis nyob rau hauv lawv tej qhov hom siv.

Tag nrho cov tswv yim npaj siab ntawm architects pom tau hais tias ntev li ntawm thiab teeb meem. Yuav ua li cas ua lub creators mus koom nyob rau hauv "daim ntawv architecture", piv txwv li. E. Mus tsim tej yaam num uas tsis muaj kev cia siab ntawm realization. Nyob rau hauv lub 80s, Soviet architects acutely paub txog cov tab tom yuav ntsoog. Thaum lub sij hawm no, nws yeej los ntawm qhov raug, faceless project. Architecture hloov los ntawm ib daim duab mus rau ib tug yooj yim duab kev txawj ntse. Nws maj mam pib muaj los ntawm lub ntsoog txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub 90s, tab sis hais tias yog post-Soviet lub sij hawm.

Soviet avant-garde

Thaum kawg ntawm lub Civil War, muaj ib lo lus nug hais txog cov kho tshiab ntawm Moscow. By lub sij hawm no nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws lub architecture tau tsim ob tug tshiab lus qhia: constructivism thiab rationalism. Lawv tau tsim los ntawm koj architects uas sawv nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab thiab European kev cai, tab sis lawv pom qhov yuav tsum tau los tsim ib tug tshiab architecture uas yuav tau raws li lub tshiab tseeb. Thaum lub creators tau fascinated los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim ib tug tshiab lub neej thiab lub tsim ntawm ib tug tshiab, harmonious tib neeg.

Constructivists coj los ntawm tus Vesnin cov kwv tij, Konstantin Melnikov, Moisei Ginzburg ntseeg hais tias cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub tsev yuav tsum tau raws li cov nuj nqi. Lawv tsis kam keeb kwm laaj, lub ntsiab luag hauj lwm muab ib tug yooj yim tsim nrog ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm kho kom zoo nkauj. Ua tsaug rau lawv lub Soviet avant-garde architecture yog enriched los ntawm xws li chaw raws li lub round lub tsev K. Melnikov nyob rau hauv Moscow, lub tsev ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Izvestia", lub Palace ntawm Culture ZIL, thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Cov kev taw qhia heev favorably tau txais los ntawm architects thiab nws cov ceg nyob rau hauv Leningrad, Kharkov, Gorky, Sverdlovsk. Nyob rau hauv ntau lub zos ntawm cov qub USSR thiab niaj hnub no peb yuav qhuas cov constructivist vaj tse.

Qhov thib ob avant-garde kev taw qhia, rationalism, coj los ntawm N. Ladovsky thiab B. Krinsky, tau txais ib tug me me siv tshaj constructivism. Lawv mas pom nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub tsev nyiaj lub psychology ntawm xaav txiv neej. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 30-ies ntawm lub avant-garde tau raug lees paub tias ideologically alien rau Soviet kos duab thiab sai sai mus nyob qhovtwg li. Tom qab ntawd rationalism tau "rehabilitated" thiab nws lub tswv yim tau dav siv nyob rau hauv architecture nyob rau hauv lub 60s.

Architecture 30-40s

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-30s Soviet architecture yog nkag mus rau ib tug tshiab lub sij hawm. Tus tshiab hwj chim zus qhov yuav tsum tau rau loj heev reconstruction ntawm thaj thiab pej xeem vaj tse, rau kev tsim kho ntawm ib tug tshiab hom ntawm cov vaj tse, xws li ib qhov chaw rau ib tug ua liaj ua teb exhibition. Thaum lub forefront ntawm tsoos hom kev kawm thiab cov hau kev. Ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub traditionalist kes duab vajtse tau txais ib qho zoo heev qub tsev kawm ntawv Neoclassicist I. Zholtovsky. Retrospektivist nyob rau hauv lawv cov views, nws rov mus rau lub teb chaws xyaum hlub ntawm txhua, Pilasters, arches, etc. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, ntau tau pab los ntawm constructivism, tab sis tus nqes hav ntawm lub classics yog ua ntau kom meej meej. Ua ntej lub ob ntiaj teb rog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Moscow, muaj yog ib tug siv boom. ENEA tshwm complex, lub xeev cov tsev qiv ntawv. Lenin, ua ob peb yam ntawm cov Moscow metro noj. Nyob rau hauv Kharkov, tsa cov khaub ncaws ntau Dzerzhinsky Square. Nyob rau hauv Yerevan, muaj tsoom fwv tsev. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia ntawm lub USSR, lub zos tshiab, uas npaj rau kev mus embody lub tswv yim ntawm cov tshiab architecture. Cov no yog cov Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Magnitogorsk, Khabarovsk. Ua ntej tsov rog, hais txog 170 lab tau ua nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws square. meters ntawm vaj tse nyob. Maj mam tsim ib tug tshiab, imperial style ntawm lub Soviet Union.

Stalin faj tim teb chaws

Tom qab lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II keeb kwm ntawm Soviet architecture nkag mus hauv ib tug tshiab theem. Nws coj ib tug ntau ntawm cov kev pab mus tsim kho kev puas tsuaj zos. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-40s nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union tsim ib tug thib ob tom qab constructivism "kuj zoo kawg style" nyob rau hauv architecture - Stalin tus faj tim teb chaws. Nws tau ua ke ob peb cov lus qhia: Classicism, Baroque, Art Deco faj tim teb chaws. Nws twb yus tau, zoo nkauj, grandeur. Vaj tse nyob rau hauv no style twb tsim los qhia cov teev ntawm lub Soviet yeej thiab kev kawm tau. Lub cim ntawm no style ua nto moo Moscow "skyscraper": Moscow State University, lub tsev so "Ukraine", Ministry ntawm Txawv Teb Chaws Affairs thiab lwm tus neeg. Stalin tus faj tim teb chaws los ua lub hom style rau 150 xyoo, nws tau hloov lub ntsej muag ntawm lub teb chaws. Stalinist architecture muaj nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho lub zos lub teb chaws.

Pawg pej xeem architecture

Nyob rau hauv lub postwar lub sij hawm yog mob tsev nyob qhov teeb meem. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub 50 xyoo ntawm nws coj noj coj ua yuav tsis txiav txim siab, yog li nws yog tsim nyog los lawm infrastructure. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub 60s laug sij hawm mus lub kev txiav txim ntawm qhov hauj lwm no nws tsis yooj yim sua. Cia li nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm no tuaj mus rau qhov kawg lub era ntawm Stalin thiab Khrushchev hu ua rau lub siab tshaj plaws txo tau tus nqi ntawm thaj siv. Nws kuj pib lub sim tawm tsam "cov excesses ntawm cov kos duab", ib tug qauv tau raug pom zoo kom noj cov Fabkis lej functionalism. Yog li ntawd muaj lub npe nrov Cheryomushki, raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib tug tshiab nyob ib puag ncig. Nyob rau hauv thawj peb lub hlis twg peb yuav tsum khoom ntawm kev infrastructure thiab cov vaj tse yuav tsum muab ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus cheeb tsam ib neeg nyob.

Architecture 60-80s

Txij thaum lig 60-ies pib ib tug loj heev txaus-line siv standard vaj tse nyob. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lub zos thiab rau txoj kev tus Soviet Union muaj lub tsev nyob ntawm lub kev ua vaj tse kom paub meej. Siv cov kev faib yog ceev, cov neeg tau txais qhov. Tab sis yuav siv lo lus "architecture" mus rau lub tsev yog ib qhov nyuaj, vim lub tsev yog kiag li featureless thiab niaj hnub. Yog li ntawd, architecture ntawm lub Soviet koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm tus txheej txheem tsim nyob rau hauv tej lub nroog yog zoo li ob taum mog nyob rau hauv ib tug plhaub taum pauv zoo li lwm yam settlements. Uas yog hais txog nws thiab luag zaj duab xis director Eldar Ryazanov nyob rau hauv cov zaj duab xis "Irony ntawm hmoo." Lub loj heev kev tsim kho thiab kev sib ntaus cov tiv thaiv architectural extravagances coj mus rau lub fact tias cov 80 th xyoo ntawm tus phenomenon ntawm Soviet architecture muab rau hauv tsis muaj dab tsi. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, muaj ib co creators thiab cov vaj tse uas tsim nyog ntawm cov xim, tab sis tag nrho architecture yog nyob rau hauv sib sib zog nqus teeb meem. Interestingly, muaj sia nyob architectural creativity thaum tsiv los ntawm lub capitals ntawm lub xeev thiab tsoom fwv teb chaws koom pheej.

"Ntawv" architecture

Nyob rau hauv lub 80s, thaum lub official architecture ntawm lub Soviet lub sij hawm mus rau hauv kev ntxhov, muaj yog no txawv txawv tshwm sim. Hluas architects nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm yuav tsis suav tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm lawv lub tswv yim, tab sis txawm nyob rau hauv lawv paub. Yog li ntawd, lawv tau tsim tej yaam num nyob rau hauv daim ntawv, yog feem ntau xa lawv mus rau txawv txawv teb chaws sib tw thiab yeej prizes. Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no muaj ib tug tag nrho tiam ntawm zoo architects. Cov founders ntawm lub zog A. Brodsky, I. Utkin, Mikhail Belov, Yu AVVAKUMOV, M. Kharitonov. Lub architects tsim lawv tus kheej style uas cuag tau cov tswv yim. Txij li thaum lawv ntseeg hais tias tej yaam num yuav tsis tau pom tau hais, lawv teem rau lub nrig txog kev pom kev nthuav qhia ntawm lub tswvyim. Feem ntau ntawm cov architects tau tshwm sim los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm antiquity, tab sis yog feem ntau tsim futuristic designs.

Qhov zoo tshaj plaws architects ntawm lub USSR

Soviet architecture nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm nws keeb kwm tsim ua tsaug rau lub tswv yim ntawm architects uas kawm thiab tsim txawm nyob rau hauv imperial lub sij hawm. Thaum no tiam yog ploj mus, los ib nyuag lub sij hawm ntawm twj ywm. Tab sis tsis ntev hlob tshiab pab pawg neeg ntawm architects uas coj cov tswv yim tshiab thiab kev sib tw tshiab. Ib txhia ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws architects ntawm lub USSR kws txawj attribute K. Melnikova, V. Tatlin, A. Shchusev. Cov constructivists roos ib tug tiag tiag kev txaus siab ntawm peb lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no architecture. Nws yog los ntawm cov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv domestic architecture yog N. Ladovsky, Rerberg, Vesnin cov kwv tij, Alexander Krasovsky. Great pab mus rau tsim ntawm ib cov duab ntawm ntau Soviet lub zos muaj I. Zholtovsky, VN Semenov, IB Dokuchaev lofan B., B. Krinsky. Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, peb muaj tsim ib tug kws kes duab vajtse uas muaj ib lub caij nyoog los hloov lub post-Soviet qhov chaw tom qab lub restructuring. Cov lawv nws yog ib muaj nqis mentioning Utkin, A. Brodsky, Yuri Grigoryan.

nthuav lus tseeb

Soviet-era architecture yog tag nrho ntawm nthuav cov khoom thiab cov ntsiab lus tseeb. Yog li ntawd, puag ncig lub tsev K. Melnikov yog ib tug ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no Constructivist monuments. Koj ntiaj teb no kes duab vajtse Le Korbyuze xyuas Moscow peb lub sij hawm, yuav txhawb tswv yim tshiab. Nyob rau hauv lub 30s lub biggest project ntawm Soviet architecture raug tsim - lub Palace ntawm soviets, uas nws qhov siab yog yuav tsum tau 400 meters, 100 plag tsev. Yuav kom siv nws, nws twb tshuab mus los ntawm Tswv Yexus tus Cawm Seej Cathedral, tab sis pom tau hais cov tswv yim yog tsis tau.