Monomers cov nqaijrog yog dab tsi os? Yuav ua li cas yog cov monomers ntawm cov nqaijrog?

Cov nqaijrog yog lom polymers nrog complex lug. Lawv muaj ib tug siab molecular nyhav thiab muaj cov amino acid prosthetic pab pawg sawv cev los ntawm cov vitamins, lipid thiab carbohydrate inclusions. Cov nqaijrog uas muaj carbohydrates, cov vitamins, lipids los yog hlau, hu ua compound. Tsuas yog yooj yim cov nqaijrog muaj li ntawm amino acids koom ua ke los ntawm peptide bonds.

peptides

Tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi qauv muaj ib yam khoom uas muaj protein ntau monomers yog amino acids. Cov ntawv yooj yim polypeptide saw, uas yog ces zoo li tus los yog globular protein fibril qauv. Thaum no protein yuav tsum tsim xwb nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg nyob - nyob rau hauv tsob nroj, kab mob, fungal, tsiaj thiab lwm lub hlwb.

Lub tsuas kab mob uas muaj peev xwm tsis cuag monomers cov nqaijrog, cov kab mob thiab protozoa yog cov kab mob. Tag nrho cov lwm tus neeg muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm txoj kev ua yam ntxwv proteins. Tab sis dab tsi tshuaj yog monomers, cov nqaijrog, thiab yuav ua li cas lawv raug tsim? Qhov no thiab protein biosynthesis, ib tug polypeptide, thiab tsim los ntawm ib tug complex protein qauv ntawm cov amino acids thiab lawv lub zog, mus saib hauv qab no.

Tib monomer ntawm cov protein molecule yog tej alpha-amino acid. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub protein - ib tug polypeptide saw ntawm txuas amino acids. Nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov amino acids muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv nws tsim yog raug rho tawm dipeptides (ob residues), ib tug tripeptide (3), oligopeptides (muaj los ntawm 2-10 amino acids) thiab polypeptides (a plurality ntawm amino acids).

Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov nqaijrog

protein thawj qauv tej zaum yuav ib nyuag ntau - lub theem nrab, ntau - tertiary, thiab feem ntau complex - quaternary.

Lub hom qauv - nws yog ib tug yooj yim Circuit Court uas ntawm ib tug peptide daim ntawv cog lus (CO-NH) kev cob cog rua monomers cov nqaijrog (amino acids). Secondary qauv - nws yog ib qho alpha-helix los yog beta-daim ntawv. Tertiary - qhov no yog txawm ntau nyuab peb-dimensional qauv ntawm cov protein, uas yog tsim nyob rau ntawm siv vim tus tsim ntawm covalent, ionic thiab hydrogen bonds thiab hydrophobic kev sib tshuam.

Lub quaternary qauv yog heev tham thiab peculiar receptor cov nqaijrog nyob rau cell week. Qhov no supramolecular (sau) cov qauv tsim vim lub koom haum ntawm ob peb molecules nrog tertiary qauv, supplemented nrog carbohydrate, lipid, los yog vitamin pab pawg. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, raws li nyob rau hauv cov thawj, nrab thiab tertiary lug ntawm cov nqaijrog monomers yog alpha-amino acids. Lawv kuj tuaj koom los ntawm peptide bonds. Qhov txawv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov qauv complexity.

amino acids

Lub tsuas monomers protein molecules yog alpha-amino acids. Muaj tsuas yog 20, thiab lawv yog tsis yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub neej. Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug peptide daim ntawv cog lus, protein synthesis yog ua tau. Ib tug protein nws tus kheej ces pib los ua qauv txoj kev, receptor, enzyme, thauj, Neeg Nruab Nrab thiab lwm yam kev khiav dej num. Vim li no cov nyob lub cev muaj nuj nqi thiab yuav ua tswv cuab.

Sheer alpha-amino acid yog ib qho organic carboxylic acid muaj ib tug amino pab pawg neeg kev cob cog rua rau lub alpha-carbon atom. Xeem nyob rau tom ntej mus rau lub carboxyl pab pawg neeg. Yog li monomers ntawm proteins uas xam tau tias yog li organic tshuaj, nyob rau hauv uas lub davhlau ya nyob twg carbon atom thiab ua tim ib tug amine thiab ib tug carboxyl pab pawg neeg.

Tiabsis cov ntawm amino acids nyob rau hauv lub peptides thiab proteins

Amino acids koom rau dimers, trimers thiab polymers ntawm ib tug peptide daim ntawv cog lus. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cleavage ntawm hydroxyl (-OH) pab pawg neeg los ntawm cov carboxyl feem ntawm ib tug alpha-amino acid thiab hydrogen (H) - amino pab pawg neeg ntawm lwm alpha-amino acids. Sis dej yog phua tawm, thiab tseem nyob rau ntawm carboxy terminus feem ntawm lub C = O nrog ib tug dawb electron residue nyob ze ntawm lub carboxyl carbon. Nyob rau hauv lwm cov amino acid residue muaj (NH) nrog ib tug muaj free radical ntawm lub nitrogen atom. Qhov no tso cai rau koj mus cuag ob tug radicals tsim tau ib daim ntawv cog lus (CONH). Nws yog hu ua ib tug peptide.

Variants ntawm alpha-amino acids

Tag nrho cov paub 23 alpha-amino acids. Lawv hais raws li ib daim ntawv teev: glycine, valine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, glutamate, aspartate, ornithine, threonine, serine, lysine, cystine, cysteine, phenylalanine, methionine, tyrosine, proline, tryptophan, hydroxyproline, arginine, histidine, asparagine thiab Glutamine. Nyob ntawm seb lawv yuav tsum tau tsim los ntawm tib neeg lub cev, cov amino acids yog muab faib mus rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb thiab nonessential.

Lub tswvyim ntawm qhov tseem ceeb thiab nonessential amino acids

Interchangeable tib neeg lub cev muaj peev xwm ua ke, thaum tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau tuaj xwb cov zaub mov. Yog li ob qhov tseem ceeb thiab nonessential acids yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov protein ntau biosynthesis, vim hais tias yog tsis muaj lawv lub synthesis yuav tsis tau ua kom tiav. Tsis muaj ib tug tib amino acid, txawm hais tias txhua leej txhua tus lwm tus neeg yog tam sim no, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los txua lub protein uas lub cell yog yuav tsum tau mus ua nws cov kev khiav dej num.

Ib tug yuam kev nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov biosynthetic kauj ruam - thiab lub protein yog unsuitable, vim hais tias nws yuav tsis tau raws li cov kev kawm qauv vim rau kev ua txhaum ntawm lub electron ceev thiab cov interatomic kev sib tshuam. Vim hais tias tib neeg (thiab lwm yam kab mob), nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau haus protein cov khoom noj, uas muaj cov qhov tseem ceeb cov amino acids. Lawv tsis tuaj kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv cov khoom noj ua rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov protein metabolism ntshawv siab.

Tus txheej txheem ntawm tsim ntawm lub peptide daim ntawv cog lus

Lub tsuas protein monomers yog alpha-amino acids. Lawv muaj kev cob cog maj nyob rau hauv lub polypeptide saw, cov qauv ntawm cov uas yog cia nyob rau hauv ua ntej nyob rau hauv lub caj code ntawm DNA (los yog RNA, thaum saib cov kab mob biosynthesis). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub protein - ib tug nruj ib theem zuj zus ntawm cov amino acid residues. Qhov no saw yog cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam qauv, ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug pre-programmed cell muaj nuj nqi.

-Stage ib theem zuj zus ntawm protein biosynthesis

Tus txheej txheem ntawm tsim ntawm lub protein muaj ib cov saw ntawm theem: replication site DNA (los yog RNA) synthesis ntawm RNA hom ntaub ntawv, tso zis nws mus rau lub cytoplasm ntawm lub cell nucleus, lub compound nrog lub ribosome thiab gradual Symptoms ntawm cov amino acid residues uas nkag hloov lwm lub tsev RNA. Ib tug yeeb tshuaj uas yog ib tug protein monomer koom nyob rau hauv lub enzymatic cleavage cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ib tug hydroxyl pab pawg neeg thiab ib tug hydrogen proton, thiab ces koom lub extensible polipetidnoy saw.

Yog li tau polypeptide saw, uas yog twb nyob rau hauv lub cellular endoplasmic reticulum yog kom nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam predetermined qauv thiab supplemented carbohydrate los yog lipid moiety thaum yuav tsum tau. Qhov no yog hu ua "maturation" ntawm cov protein, tom qab uas nws xa mus rau lub thauj system ntawm lub cell mus rau lub lo lus uas peb.

Tso cai tsim cov nqaijrog

Monomers ntawm cov nqaijrog yog amino acids yuav tsum tau mus ua lawv lub thawj qauv. Secondary, tertiary thiab quaternary qauv nws tus kheej yog twb tsim, tab sis tej zaum kuj yuav tsum tau kev koom tes los ntawm cov enzymes thiab lwm yam tshuaj. Txawm li cas los, lawv yeej tsis ntev lub ntsiab, tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov proteins ua lawv muaj nuj nqi.

Amino acid, uas yog ib tug protein monomer yuav muaj carbohydrate Symptoms cov ntsiab lus, co los yog vitamins. Kev kawm ntawv tertiary los yog quaternary qauv ua rau nws tau mus nrhiav tau ntau qhov chaw ntxiv rau qhov chaw ntawm lub tso pawg. Qhov no pub rau ib tug derivative ntawm cov protein, uas plays lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub enzyme, receptor, transporter tshuaj mus rau hauv lub cell los yog tawm ntawm, ib qho immunoglobulin, ib tug yam ntxwv feem ntawm cell week los yog organelles, nqaij protein.

Proteins uas tsim los ntawm cov amino acids, yog cov tsuas paus ntawm lub neej. Thiab niaj hnub no nws yog ntseeg hais tias lub neej cia li sawv tom qab lub tsos ntawm cov amino acids, thiab vim nws polymerization. Tom qab tag nrho, lub intermolecular sis ntawm cov nqaijrog yog pib ntawm lub neej, xws li txawj ntse. Tag nrho lwm cov biochemical dab, xws li lub zog, yog tsim nyog rau lub realization ntawm cov protein biosynthesis, thiab raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub ntxiv continuation ntawm lub neej.