Protein synthesis

Cov nqaijrog hu ua nitrogenous macromolecular organic tshuaj. Lawv yog ua los ntawm cov amino acids. Cov nqaijrog ua yooj yim paub tab nyob rau hauv cov qauv thiab cov tseem ceeb heev functions ntawm cov kab mob no, raws li lawv lub ntsiab tivthaiv thiab tsim nyog. Vim cov organic tebchaw yog ib tug metabolism, zog hloov dua siab tshiab.

Vim tus tus loj luaj li cas ntawm cov molecules, lub complexity ntawm cov qauv, raws li tau zoo raws li cov tsis muaj ntaub ntawv hais txog cov yam ntxwv muaj pes tsawg leeg feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj yog tsis tsim ib tug muaj kuab unified kev faib ntawm proteins. Tam sim no sib cais system yog lom zem ntau arbitrary. Thaum nws siv tau raws li nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov nqaijrog, lawv qhov chaw, lom ua si, thiab lwm yam, feem ntau random, tej yam tshwm sim.

Yog li, cais globular thiab fibrous, hydrophobic (insoluble) thiab hydrophilic (soluble) cov ntaub ntawv uas. Qhov no division yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub physico-tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaw. Nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw ntawm tus raug rho tawm cov nqaijrog ntawm lub paj hlwb cov ntaub so ntswg, ntshiab, nqaij, thiab lwm tus neeg. Tseem muaj cov kab mob, tsiaj thiab zaub tebchaw. Nyob rau hauv raws li cov lom ua si ntawm cais -hormones cov nqaijrog, enzymes, cov nqaijrog, contractile thiab yam ntxwv ntawm cov nqaijrog, lub cev, thiab lwm tus neeg. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias muaj ib co tebchaw uas tsis tau ntaus nqi mus rau ib yam ntawm cov saum toj no pawg. Qhov no yog vim kev txhaum ntawm lub system ntawm kev faib thiab nrog ib tug exceptional ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov proteins lawv tus kheej.

Yog muab faib compound nyob rau hauv lub complex (proteid) thiab yooj yim (cov nqaijrog). Tej yam yooj yim cov nqaijrog yog cov tsuas amino acid polymers. Complex tebchaw, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus amino acid residues, thiab muaj tsis-protein kom.

Nyob rau hauv txhua lub cell muaj ntau txhiab ntawm cov organic siab molecular tebchaw. Vim lub fact tias thaum lub sij hawm lub neej ntawm lub cev, cov tshuaj no puas ua ntej los yog tom qab ntawd, cov cell yuav tsum tau nqa tawm tas mus li synthesis ntawm cov protein kom yaj lawv organelles, week thiab lwm yam. Nrog rau qhov no loj tus naj npawb ntawm hlwb muab rau cov tsim ntawm organic sib txuas ntawm cov tag nrho lub cev. Nyob rau hauv no "lawm" yog koom, piv txwv li, lub hlwb nyob rau hauv lub endocrine qog uas tsim cov tshuaj hormones. Qhov twg protein synthesis muaj tus loj tshaj khov.

Formulation tebchaw yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab tus nqi zog. Tau qhov twg los muab tsis tau tsuas yog protein synthesis, tiam sis tag nrho cellular dab yog cov ATP.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev khiav dej num thiab cov hom phiaj ntawm lub tebchaw tsim nyob rau hauv raws li lawv cov thawj qauv - ib theem zuj zus ntawm cov amino acid nyob rau hauv lub molecule. Mob muaj keeb ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov thawj cov protein uas xa tuaj nrog nyob rau hauv lub nucleotide saw DNA molecule. Uas feem deoxyribonucleic acid, uas muaj cov lus qhia txog cov amino acid ib theem zuj zus ntawm ib tug compound hu ua ib lub noob.

protein synthesis yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub ribosomes nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm lub cell. Lub cytoplasm ntawm lub nucleus ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv tus qauv ntawm lub compound yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov mRNA (tub txib RNA). Rau lub synthesis ntawm molecules thiab RNA tshwm sim "unwinding" (despiralization) DNA cheeb tsam. Lub tom ntej cov txheej txheem yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm complementarity. Siv enzymes mus rau ib tug DNA saw yog tsim RNA molecules.

Lub cytoplasm yuav tsum muaj ib qho ntawm cov amino acids. Nws yuav tsum tau rau cov protein ntau synthesis. Tsim kom muaj cov amino acids yog vim cleavage ntawm siav organic tebchaw. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov amino acid yuav tau txais rau qhov ncaj synthesis seem (lub ribosome), muaj txuas mus rau ib tug hloov lwm lub tsev RNA (tRNA).