Organic teeb meem lawv tus yam ntxwv thiab kev faib

Organic tshuaj - cov no yog cov tebchaw uas yog tsim los ntawm cov atoms ntawm cov pa roj carbon. Tseem nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Science News for KIDS, tag nrho cov tshuaj tau muab faib ua ob pawg: mineral thiab organic. Nyob rau hauv cov lub sij hawm nws twb xav hais tias nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav coj los ua ke organic teeb meem koj yuav tsum muaj ib tug unprecedented "lub neej quab yuam" uas yog tshwj xeeb mus rau ib tug nyob lom systems. Yog li ntawd lub synthesis ntawm cov organic tebchaw los ntawm cov mineral tsis yooj yim sua. Nws tsuas yog nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo, F. Weller refuted uas twb muaj lawm kev xav thiab tsim urea los ntawm ammonium cyanate, uas yog, nws tau txais cov organic teeb meem los ntawm cov mineral. Ces ib tug xov tooj ntawm zaum tsim chloroform, aniline, acetate acid thiab ntau lwm yam tshuaj tebchaw.

Organic tshuaj yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov hav zoov ntawm nyob qhov teeb meem, thiab yog tus staple khoom noj khoom haus rau tib neeg thiab tsiaj. Feem ntau cov organic tebchaw yog raw cov ntaub ntawv rau ntau yam lag luam - khoom noj khoom haus, cov tshuaj lom, lub teeb, chaw ua tshuaj thiab lwm yam

Tam sim no, muaj ntau tshaj li 30 lab. Ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov organic tebchaw. Yog li ntawd, organic tshuaj Lawv sawv cev rau lub feem ntau kim heev hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj lub tebchaw. Ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov organic tebchaw txuam nrog cov khoom nws thiab qauv Carbo. Carbo uas nyob ib sab atoms txuas ua ke los ntawm ib los yog ntau (ob, triple) bonds.

Organic tshuaj. Science News for KIDS.

Organic tebchaw tsiag ntawv los ntawm xub ntiag ntawm covalent C-C bonds, thiab ncov qaumteb qabteb covalent bonds C-N, C-O, C -Hal, C- hlau, thiab lwm yam Lub tshua noj qhov chaw uas muaj organic tshuaj muaj tej yam nta nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau cov mineral. Nyob rau hauv lub tshua ntawm inorganic tebchaw feem ntau yog ions muab kev koom tes. Feem ntau cov tshuaj yog heev ceev, tej zaum instantly nyob rau optimum kub. Nyob rau hauv tshua nrog organic tshuaj molecules feem ntau muab kev koom tes. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no ib co covalent bonds yog lawm, thiab lwm yam yog li tsim. Feem ntau, cov tshuaj mus ntau npaum li cas maj mam, thiab rau lawv cov acceleration yog tsim nyog los ua rau kom qhov kub thiab txias los sis siv ib lub hauv paus (acid los yog puag).

Raws li ib txoj kev ntawm cov organic tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm? Feem ntau ntawm cov organic tebchaw nyob rau hauv lawm tsim nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis los ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab dej nyob rau hauv lub ntsuab chlorophyll ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

Cov chav kawm ntawm cov organic tebchaw.

Ib suam ntawm organic tebchaw raws li A. Butlerov kev tshawb xav. Lub systematic kev faib yog siv scientific nomenclature uas enables hu organic tshuaj, raws li nyob rau hauv uas twb muaj lawm yam ntxwv mis. Cov kev faib yog raws li nyob rau hauv ob lub ntsiab nta - carbon skeletal qauv, muaj pes tsawg tus thiab kev tso kawm ntawm tej pab pawg nyob rau hauv lub molecule.

Carbon cev pob txha - nws yog ruaj khov nyob rau hauv ntau yam tshuaj tshua ntawm lub lwg me me ntawm cov organic tshuaj. Nyob ntawm seb nws cov qauv, tag nrho cov organic tshuaj uas muab faib ua tej pawg neeg.

Los ntawm acyclic tebchaw xws li tshuaj nrog ib tug ncaj los yog branched carbon saw. Los ntawm carbocyclic tebchaw xws li tshuaj nrog lub mus, lawv muab faib ua ob pab pawg - alicyclic thiab uas muaj ntxhiab. Heterocyclic tebchaw - tshuaj raws li molecules uas loops tsim los ntawm atoms thiab carbonyl atoms ntawm lwm yam tshuaj ntsiab (Pa, Nitrogen, Sulfur) heteroatoms.

Tsis tas li ntawd, organic tshuaj uas txwv kom muab zais los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm functional pawg uas yog ib feem ntawm lub lwg me me. Piv txwv li, hydrocarbon cov chav kawm ntawv (tsuas yog - nyob rau hauv lawv cov molecules muaj functional pawg), phenols, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, amines, esters, carboxylic acids, thiab lwm yam Nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov hais tias hais tias txhua tus functional ib pawg (COOH, OH, NH2, SH, NH, TSIS YOG) txiav txim seb tus physicochemical thaj chaw ntawm lub compound.