Nab hab sej - yog dab tsi? High-theem programming lus

Nab hab sej yog ib tug high-theem universal hom lus, uas yuav raug ncua thiab kos. Nws, piv txwv li, yog ib tug txheej ntawm daim ntaub ntawv raws li ib lub cuab tam rau kev sau ntawv macros. Nab hab sej ua rau nws ib tug tsim nyog xaiv rau ntau programming kev pab raws qib, loj thiab me me, thiab tsis yog li ntawd zoo rau ib tug me me muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm xam kev pab raws qib.

Qhov twg kuv yuav tsum tau siv?

Nab hab sej yog zoo tagnrho rau tej yaam num yuav tsum ceev txoj kev loj hlob. Nws txhawb ntau programming paradigms, dab tsi yog qhov zoo rau cov kev pab cuam uas yuav tsum tau yooj. Thiab cov muaj ib tug plurality ntawm tej pob khoom thiab modules muab yooj thiab tej yam sij hawm.

Guido van Rossum - sej creator, kindly puav pheej zej zog cov npe ntawm cov "benevolent dictator rau lub neej." Nyob rau hauv lub lig 1980 lub, Guido nyiam nta ntawm tej lub cajmeem lus, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg ntawm lawv muaj tag nrho cov nta nws xav kom muaj. Nyob rau hauv kev, cov lus yuav tsum tau muaj cov nram qab no cov yam ntxwv.

scripting Language

Cov tsab ntawv yog ib qho kev pab uas sau lwm cov kev pab. Scripting lus uas haum rau ceev ceev txoj kev loj hlob thiab qauv, vim hais tias lawv paub daws zoo nrog qhov kev hloov ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm ib qho feem mus rau lwm lub thiab daws qhov programmer los ntawm cov kev puab tej yam xws li cim xeeb tswj.

cov neeg siv lub zej zog nyiam hu nab hab sej dynamic programming lus.

Lub indentation rau grouping ntawm tswv

Nab hab sej txhais cov kab zauv teej tug mus rau lub tib pab pawg nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm padding. Xws li ib tug pab pawg neeg no yog hu ua ib tug code block. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nws yuav siv ib tug txawv syntax los yog cov cim. Piv txwv li, ib lub cim C qhia pib cim thiab {} - thaum xaus ntawm ib theem zuj zus cov lus qhia. Lub xub ntiag ntawm lub indentation yog suav tias yog zoo xyaum nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, tab sis ib tug ntawm cov thawj nyob rau hauv uas lub observance ntawm lub indentation dag zog yuam yog muab, yog nab hab sej. Yuav ua li cas muab? Teg dleb ua rau koj code yooj yim nyeem thiab yuav tsum tau tsawg code blocks designations ntawm lawv pib thiab thaum xaus, thiab cov cim qhab nia, uas yuav tsum tau mej rho. Tag nrho cov no ua rau yus tsawg dua uas tsis.

Lub hom high-theem cov ntaub ntawv

Computers khaws cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov chav nyob thiab zeros, tab sis cov neeg yuav tsum tau ntau cov ntaub ntawv, xws li cov ntawv nyeem. Hais txog cov lus uas txhawb txoj cov ntaub ntawv, hais tias nws txhawb lub hom high-theem cov ntaub ntawv. Cov ntaub ntawv yog ib qho yooj yim mus ua hauj lwm. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv tus nab hab sej kab yuav tsum phua, hauj lwm ua ke, txhais nyob rau hauv sab qaum los yog tsawg cov ntaub ntawv, lawv muaj peev xwm nrhiav rau thiab t. D. Cov high-theem cov ntaub ntawv hom xws li npe thiab dictionaries, uas yuav tsum tau muab cia rau thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv muaj ntau npaum li cas functionality, tshaj lwm hom lus.

extensibility

Extensible programming lus yuav muab ntxiv. Cov lus yog heev haib, vim hais tias cov ntxiv ua rau lawv haum rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm daim ntawv sau npe thiab kev khiav hauj lwm systems. Extensions yuav ntxiv cov ntaub ntawv hom los yog cov tswv yim, modules thiab plugins. Tus nab hab sej lus nthuav rau hauv ob peb txoj kev. Lub ntsiab pab pawg neeg ntawm cov ua hauj lwm rau nws hloov thiab kev txhim kho, thiab pua pua ntawm lwm modules sau ntawv rau tej lub hom phiaj.

txhais lus

Txhais lus yog ua ncaj qha los ntawm qhov code sau los ntawm tib neeg, thiab cov kev pab cuam sau nyob rau hauv ua ke hom lus xws li C ++, yuav tsum muab txhais ua tshuab code. Txhais lus yog qeeb qeeb, vim translation tshwm sim rau tus yoov, tab sis sau ntawv thiab debugging cov kev pab cuam yog sai vim hais tias muaj yog tsis muaj yuav tsum tau tos rau lub tiav ntawm lub compiler. Lawv yog cov yooj yim mus nqa mus rau txawv platforms.

Ib tug yuav cam txog seb tus nab hab sej txhais los yog tso ua ke lus. Txawm tias nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev uas nws ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug txhais, ua ntej executing cov code yog tso ua ke (raws li nyob rau hauv Java), thiab ntau yam ntawm nws cov Cheebtsam yog khiav ntawm tag nrho cov kev ceev ntawm lub tshuab, raws li sau nyob rau hauv C.

Guido pib sau ntawv sej thaum lub sij hawm Christmas cov hnub so nyob rau hauv 1989, thiab xyoo tom ntej, nws tiav lawm cov lus raws li nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm lawv cov lug txhawb cov miv. Cov pej xeem pom cov kev tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj 1991, thaum nws muab tso rau hauv ib qhov ntawm lub newsgroups Usenet.

Nab hab sej Rau Beginners

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav pib sau ntawv cov kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv nab hab sej, koj xav tau rau nruab nws. Nyob rau hauv versions of sej 2.7 thiab nab hab sej 3.5, muaj qhov sib txawv, vim uas cov kev pab cuam sau nyob rau hauv lawv, yog incompatible.

Nyob rau hauv computers, "McIntosh" cov lus yog pre-ntsia, thiab nws nyob rau hauv lub version ntawm lub operating system uas muaj hnub nyoog. Nyob rau hauv lub qhov rais tej zaum yuav muaj rau nruab nab hab sej. Lub installation pob ntaub ntawv yuav tau xaiv rau python.org site.

Ob txoj kev ntawm kev sis raug zoo

Ib tug ntawm cov yog vim li cas ntawm simplicity, uas yog yus programming nyob rau hauv nab hab sej, yog hais tias nws los nrog cov cuab yeej uas yuav pab tau koj tsim, sau thiab kho cov programs.

Nyob rau hauv kev sib tham sib hom, commands yog nkag mus rau ib tug kab nyob rau ntawm ib lub sij hawm, yuav luag tib yam li tus operating system (plhaub) tau txais commands ntawm qhov hais kom ua kab. Koj kuj yuav tsim luv luv multi-kev pab cuam los yog import code los ntawm ib phau ntawv cov ntaub ntawv los yog ib tug ua-nyob rau hauv nab hab sej modules. Rau beginners, nws yuav pab tau rau koj paub tias qhov sib tham sib hom muaj xws li ib tug uas nws kim heev kev pab system. Qhov no yog ib tug yooj yim txoj kev uas yuav kawm ib tug programming lus nta.

Kaw txoj kev loj hlob cheeb tsam xws li ib tug kev sib tham sib hom thiab cov cuab yeej rau sau thiab khiav cov kev pab cuam, raws li zoo raws li cov npe ntawm cov mus txog qhovtwg system. Wednesday yog sau nyob rau hauv nab hab sej, hab qha rau nws kim heev possibilities lus.

sib tham sib hom

Ntawm no koj yuav ua li cas yuav luag txhua yam uas yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab cuam, txawm sau multiline code. Qhov no hom yuav ua tau:

• sandbox rau kev nyab xeeb thwmsim;
• ib puag ncig, uas koj mus kawm programming nyob rau hauv nab hab sej;
• lub cuab tam rau nrhiav thiab kho kom raug.

Nco ntsoov hais tias rau txuag nkag mus rau hauv ib qho kev sib tham sib hom yog tsis yooj yim sua. Ua li no, luam cov code thiab sau cov kev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib cov ntaub ntawv.

Sib tham sib hom yuav siv tau raws li ib tug tshuab xam zauv, muab cov ntawv nyeem thiab muab qhov tseem ceeb rau cov tsiaj. Koj yuav tau import modules, kev siv, los yog qhov chaw ntawm cov kev pab cuam los ntsuam xyuas lawv. Nws yuav pab tau xyaum ua tej yam nrog sej khoom tsis sau ntawv ntev kev pab cuam thiab cov programs los ntawm importing qhov chaw ib tug nyob rau ib lub sij hawm.

Ua hauj lwm hauv internet

Tom qab nab hab sej khiav nyob rau hauv ib tug davhlau ya nyob twg qhov rais qhia txog tam sim no qhov kev pab cuam version, lub hnub ntawm nws tso tawm, ib tug pab tswv yim rau ntxiv kev txiav txim thiab tau caw ib tug nkag mus rau >>>.

Mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev sib tham sib hom, sau ib tug hais kom ua los qhia, thiab nias lub nkag mus rau qhov tseem ceeb.

Nab hab sej txhais lub tswv yim thiab hnov mob yog tias ntaus yuav tsum tau ib lub teb, los yog neeg txhais lus tsis to taub nws.

Cov nram qab no hais kom ua yuav sau cov kab. Txij li thaum lub printing txoj hauj lwm yog tsis sau tseg qhia, tso zis mus rau qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam.

• >>> luam "Nyob zoo lub ntiaj teb no!"
• Nyob zoo lub ntiaj teb no!

Qhov no ib kab yog ib tug tag nrho cov kev pab cuam! Cov nab hab sej interactively tuam haujlwm txais txhua txhua txoj hlua code nkag los nias lub nkag mus rau qhov tseem ceeb, thiab cov zoo nkaus li hauv qab no.

Saib cov lus qhia txog tus kwv

Nyob rau hauv kev sib tham sib hom, muaj ob txoj kev mus saib cov lus qhia txog tus kwv:

• muab tso rau cov kwv (los yog lub npe) thiab nias sau;
• nkag mus rau sau hais kom ua thiab tus kwv (los yog lub npe) thiab nias sau.

Cov nyob rau tus kwv.

Muaj ib co ntaub ntawv hom (integer thiab cov npe, piv txwv li), ob tug txoj kev ua tus raug tib yam:

• >>> x = [3,2]
• >>> x
• [3, 2]
• >>> sau x
• [3, 2]

Rau cov hlua, cov kev tshwm sim ntawm ib tug txheej ntawm «sau npe" hais kom yog me ntsis txawv ntawm cov kev tshwm sim tau rau lub npe. Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv, tus nqi yog nyob rau hauv hais tias, thaum lub sij hawm thib ob - yog tsis tam sim no:

• >>> x = "MyString"
• >>> x
• "MyString"
• >>> sau x
• MyString

Thaum lub npe yog hais txog cov kev thaiv ntawm code (piv txwv li, kev siv, modules, los yog hauv chav kawm ntawv Piv txwv li), nkag mus rau lub npe yuav muab cov lus qhia txog cov hom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, lub npe thiab qhov chaw cia.

Cov piv txwv nram qab tsim ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv hu ua Message thiab qhia cov ncauj lus txog cov

nws:

• >>> chav kawm ntawv Xov:
• ... ntawv
• ...
• >>> Message
• >>> sau Message
• __main __. lus

kab

Cov nab hab sej kab yog sequences ntawm cov cim. Ib tug hlua literal yog tsim los ntawm uas nkag mus rau cov cim nyob rau hauv ib quotes ( '), muab ob npaug rau ( ") los yog triple (' 'los yog" "") hais tias. Nyob rau hauv lub Piv txwv li, cov nqi muab rau cov kuj sib txawv x:

• >>> x = "MyString"

Nab hab sej txoj hlua muaj ob peb ua-nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog cov muaj peev xwm rov qab mus rau koj daim ntawv uas muaj tag nrho lowercase cov tsiaj ntawv. Cov tuition yog lub npe hu ua txoj kev. Yuav kom hu ib txoj kev rau ib tug kwv, koj yuav tsum tau siv dot syntax. Hais tias yog, tom qab nkag mus rau lub nce mus nce los lub npe, uas nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog ib tug siv rau ib txoj hlua kwv, koj yuav tsum muab tso rau lub dot neeg teb xov tooj, thiab ces lub npe ntawm tus qauv ua raws li los ntawm cov lus qhib thiab kaw nkhaus (.):

• >>> x.lower ()
• "Mystring"

Koj yuav tau txais ib feem ntawm cov kab siv cov indexing neeg teb xov tooj s [i]. Indexing pib thaum pes tsawg, yog li ntawd lub s [0] rov thawj cim nyob rau hauv txoj hlua, s [1] rov lub thib ob, thiab thiaj li nyob:

• >>> x [0]
• 'M'
• >>> x [1]
• 'Y'

Hlua txoj kev ua hauj lwm raws li zoo tib yam kab, thiab nrog "Unicode". Lawv ua raws li nram no:

• sau npe hloov (capitalize, Upper, tsawg dua, swapcase, title);
• suav (suav);
• hloov lub encoding (encode, txhais);
• nrhiav thiab hloov (nrhiav, hloov, rfind, index, rindex, txhais);
• tshawb xyuas cov tej yam kev mob (startswith, endswith, isalnum, isalpha, isdigit, islower, isspace, istitle, isupper);
• ua ke thiab sib cais (koom, muab faib, rpartition, split, splitlines);
• hom (center, ljust, lstrip, rstring, rjust, sawb, zfill, expandtabs).

Nab hab sej: teev

Yog hais tias nab hab sej cov hlua no xwb cim, teev tej kev txwv ua tsis tau. Lawv tau txiav txim kom sequences ntawm arbitrary khoom, nrog rau lwm cov npe. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tseem tau mus ntxiv, rho tawm thiab hloov cov ntsiab thereof. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov khoom, sib cais los ntawm commas hauv lub square nkhaus, thiab muaj ib tug nab hab sej daim ntawv teev. Yuav ua li cas no sawv cev rau, qhia hauv qab no - no yog cov piv txwv thiab cov ntaub ntawv ua hauj lwm nrog lawv:

• >>> bases = [ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T']
• >>> bases
• [ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T']
• >>> bases.append ( 'U')
• >>> bases
• [ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T', 'U']
• >>> bases.reverse ()
• >>> bases
• [ 'U', 'T', 'G', 'C', 'A']
• >>> bases [0]
• 'U'
• >>> bases [1]
• 'T'
• >>> bases.remove ( 'U')
• >>> bases
• [ 'T', 'G', 'C', 'A']
• >>> bases.sort ()
• >>> bases
• [ 'A', 'C', 'G', 'T']

Nyob rau hauv qhov kev piv txwv, nws yog tsim los ntawm ib daim ntawv teev ntawm ib tug neeg cov cim. Ces twb ntxiv mus rau thaum xaus ntawm lub caij ntsib qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov ntsiab, lub ntsiab rho los ntawm txoj hauj lwm ntawm lawv index twb deleted caij muaj ib tug nqi 'U' thiab sorting cov khoom ua. Tshem ib yam khoom los ntawm daim ntawv qhia txog qhov teeb meem no thaum lub tshem tawm () txoj kev los muab cov lus qhia ntxiv, uas yog, ib tus nqi uas yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub kev zoo xws li cov tshem tawm (), Nab hab sej muaj lwm zoo xws li cov feature hu ua muaj nuj nqi. Qhov txawv tsuas ntawm cov nuj nqi thiab txoj kev yog hais tias cov thawj yog tsis txuam nrog ib tug kev kwv.

Nab hab sej: muaj nuj nqi

Tso cai ua hauj lwm rau ib los yog ntau qhov tseem ceeb, thiab xa rov qab tshwm sim. Loj xov tooj ntawm lawv yog ua nyob rau hauv nab hab sej. Piv txwv ntawm ua-nyob rau hauv khiav dej num:

• len () - rov tus xov tooj ntawm cov ntsiab nyob rau hauv ib theem zuj zus;
• dir () - rov ib daim ntawv teev cov hlua sawv cev tus cwj pwm ntawm tus kwv;
• daim ntawv teev () - rov ib daim ntawv tshiab initialized los ntawm ib co lwm yam ib theem zuj zus.
• >>> pab (round)
• Pab rau built-nyob rau hauv kev ua round:
• puag ncig (...)
• puag ncig (xov tooj [, ndigits]) -> floating taw tes tooj

Nws tseem yog tau los txhais tau koj tus kheej zog.

Tus neeg siv-txhais kev khiav dej num

Tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim nws tus kheej nab hab sej-muaj nuj nqi xws li. Cov thawj kab pib nrog cov lo lus tseem ceeb def, ua raws li los ntawm qhov kev ua npe thiab cov lus sib cav (yuav tsum tswv yim tseem ceeb) uas xa tuaj nrog sau rau hauv, thiab xaus nrog ib tug nyuv. Tom ntej commands kom lub cev functions thiab yuav tsum tau Indented. Yog hais tias ib tug saib yog nyob rau ntawm thaum pib ntawm cov nuj nqi lub cev, nws yuav yog ib feem ntawm nws cov ntaub ntawv. Cov kab kawg ntawm cov nuj nqi rov tshwm sim:

• >>> def Hour (DNA):
• ... "" "Rov qab DNA hlua li RNA txoj hlua." ""
• ... rov qab dna.replace ( 'T', 'U')
• ...
• >>> Hour ( 'CCGGAAGAGCTTACTTAG')
• 'CCGGAAGAGCUUACUUAG'

Qhov kev piv txwv tau raug tsim muaj nuj nqi hu ua Hour, uas xav kom ib tug hlua uas sawv cev rau lub DNA ib theem zuj zus. hloov () txoj kev rov ib daim qauv ntawm daim tseem cia nrog txoj hlua nrog rau tag nrho cov occurrences ntawm ib cim mus rau lwm lub. Peb kab ntawm code muaj cai Hour DNA mus rau hauv RNA. Cov rov qab muaj nuj nqi yog raws li nram no:

• >>> def rov qab (s):
• ... "" "Rov qab ib theem zuj zus txoj hlua nyob rau hauv rov qab kev txiav txim." ""
• ... cov tsiaj ntawv = daim ntawv teev (s)
• ... letters.reverse ()
• ... rov qab '' .join (tsiaj ntawv)
• ...
• >>> rov qab ( 'CCGGAAGAGCTTACTTAG')
• 'GATTCATTCGAGAAGGCC'

Rov qab muaj nuj nqi yuav siv sij hawm ib txoj hlua, tsim ib daim ntawv teev raws li rau nws, thiab hloov nws kev txiav txim. Tam sim no koj yuav tsum tau ua qhov rov qab. Cov khoom muaj ib tug tuaj koom nrog () txujci, uas combines cov daim ntawv teev, faib txhua lub caij ntawm txoj hlua tus nqi. Txij li thaum lub separator yog tsis tsim nyog, txoj kev yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug kab sawv cev los ntawm ob apostrophes ( '' los yog "").

dictionaries

Ib tug phau ntawv txhais lus sej - yog dab tsi? Nws muaj tib cov kev pab cuam raws li ib tug pa ntawv phau ntawv txhais lus. Nws tso cai rau koj mus nrhiav tau sai sai rau lub Desired nqi (txhais) txuam nrog ib tug tseem ceeb (lo lus). Dictionaries yog muab ntim rau hauv kev zawm hniav thiab sib cais los ntawm commas muaj ib theem ntawm qhov tseem ceeb-nqi officers. Dictionaries tsis yuam kom them. Es tsis txhob, phau ntawv txhais lus qhov tseem ceeb yog muaj los ntawm lawv cov qhov tseem ceeb, tsis tau lawv txoj hauj lwm.

• >>> basecomplement = { 'A': 'T', 'C': 'G', 'T': 'A', 'G': 'C'}
• >>> basecomplement.keys ()
• [ 'A', 'C', 'T', 'G']
• >>> basecomplement.values ()
• [ 'T', 'G', 'A', 'C']
• >>> basecomplement [ 'A']
• 'T'

cov chav kawm

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tsim koj tus kheej cov khoom, koj yuav tsum txiav txim seb lub hom ntawm cov qauv no yog hu ua ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv. Nyob rau hauv nab hab sej, qhov no yog rau cov neeg teb xov tooj hauv chav kawm ntawv, raws li los ntawm lub npe thiab cov nyuv. Lub cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv txhais muaj lub zog thiab txoj kev uas yuav tsum muaj nyob rau tag nrho cov piv txwv ntawm cov khoom raws li nyob rau hauv cov hoob kawm no.

zoo

Feem ntau cov programming lus muaj neeg siv-phooj ywg nta, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg ntawm lawv muaj xws li ib tug ua ke ntawm kev kab ntsab thiab chaw muaj los ntawm sej. Yuav ua li cas yog cov nyiaj pab no? Ntawm no yog ib co ntawm lawv:

• Language tau muab kev mus rau hauv lwm yam kev siv thiab siv los mus tsim macros. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Xim Kav Pro 8 los yog tom qab, nws yog ib tug scripting lus.
• Nab hab sej yog pub dawb rau siv thiab tis, rau ib tug coj mus muag hauv paus los yog tsis.
• Lus muaj ib tug haib ua tuition, thiab nrhiav cov ntawv nyeem uas yog siv nyob rau hauv daim ntaub ntawv ua hauj lwm nrog ib tug ntau ntawm cov ntawv ntaub ntawv.
• Nws yog ua tau los ua apps tsis muaj mus xyuas lub startup cov kev pab cuam.
• Nab hab sej txhawb kev soj ntsuam thiab debugging ntawm tus neeg modules thiab tag nrho cov kev pab cuam.