National tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Russia (St. Petersburg): Keeb kwm, cov me nyuam yaus, qhov chaw nyob

National tsev qiv ntawv (St. Petersburg) nyob rau hauv Tej zaum xyoo no lom nws 220th hnub tseem ceeb. Raws li txoj cai ntawm Catherine II nyob rau hauv lub hlis tas los ntawm caij nplooj ntoos hlav 1795, lub tsev qiv ntawv, thiab yog tam sim no ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Muaj nuj nqis ntawm sab qaum teb Capital - "Publichka" (unofficial lub npe) - Lavxias teb sab thawj tswj cai tshaj tawm hais tias ib tug keeb kwm thiab kev cai cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm cov neeg Russia.

cov npe txawv

National tsev qiv ntawv (St. Petersburg) txij li thaum nws inception thiab kom txog thaum 1917 twb hu ua lub Imperial Public Library. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm Soviet lub hwj chim, lub npe hloov ob peb lub sij hawm - kom txog rau thaum 1925 twb hu ua qhov loj tshaj plaws cov tsev qiv ntawv ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab pej xeem cov tsev qiv ntawv, 1932 Library lub npe hu ua tom qab Saltykov-Shchedrin, thiab ces, 70 xyoo, mus txog rau thaum 1992, lub npe hu ua lub State Public Library. Thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej, tus hiob tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Russia nrhiav kom nrhiav tau cov nyiaj thiab, tseem ceeb tshaj, kom ntseeg tau dawb nkag tau mus rau lawv.

Rau cov kev pab ntawm kev kawm ntawv

National tsev qiv ntawv (St. Petersburg) tam sim no nyob rau hauv reserves fund yog tus thib ob phau ntawv teev ib daim ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia. Raws li ntawm thaum pib ntawm 2012, lub NLR nrog ib tug muaj peev xwm ntawm 36,5 lab luam, uas muaj xws li 400,000 thaud, 7000 phau ntawv sau ua ntej 1501, lub npe hu ua incunabula. Txij thaum nws cov founding rau tam sim no hnub no, qhov no tsev qiv ntawv yog ib tug kev tshawb fawb, ntaub ntawv thiab kev cai center ntawm Russia.

Yuav luag 30 xyoo nws coj lub enlightened Empress (1766-1795) pom zoo rau cov cua ntsawj ntshab xa mus rau nws. Nyob rau lub xyoo thiab ib nrab ua ntej nws tuag, nws yog ib qhov zoo nkauj ua kos ib txoj kab nyob rau hauv lub "kuj zoo kawg muaj hnub nyoog" ntawm nws reign. Siv cov kev faib pib tam sim ntawd tom qab kev pom zoo ntawm peb tes num thiab txuas ntxiv rau 15 xyoo.

Tus thawj yog lom zem ntau

Zoo tsev nyob loj hlob ntawm cov kev tshuam ntawm Sadovaya Street thiab Nevsky Prospect, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm lub capital. Lub tsev, tsa rau peb tes num E. T. Sokolova (Music Theatre nyob rau hauv lub tsev loj ntawm nws ua hauj lwm) Yog tus thawj National Library. St. Petersburg yog txuas mus rau lub civilized capitals ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. Lub undeniable zoo xws li cov tsev qiv ntawv thiab qhov tseeb hais tias nws tau tsim lub teb chaws tus thawj phau ntawv nyob rau hauv cov tsev qiv ntawv kev faib rau replenishment thiab systematization ntawm nws cov nyiaj.

Thiab hauv daim cai rau yuav tsum me nyuam mus rau systematically replenish cov nyiaj nyob rau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv (nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 2 chav nyob) ntawm tej luam tawm luam khoom nyob rau hauv Russia kuj tshuav nws cov hauv paus mus rau tus thawj tsev qiv ntawv.

Tsim kom muaj cov cim nyiaj

Qhib nws twb teem rau 1812, tab sis rau pom tseeb yog vim li cas, coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 1814. National tsev qiv ntawv (St. Petersburg), qhov chaw nyob uas yog lub npe hu tsis tau tsuas yog rau txhua txhua tus pej xeem ntawm lub sab qaum teb capital, tiam sis muaj ntau qhua amazing nroog, nyob rau Ostrovsky Square, 1/3, coj zoo li ib tug keeb kwm khaub ncaws ntau nyob rau hauv 1900. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg ib qho kev nthuav qhov tseeb: nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm ib tug txawv teb chaws nyiaj repository nteg cov kwv tij Zalusskih Library, uas yog nyob rau hauv Warsaw, thiab yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj pej xeem cov tsev qiv ntawv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab piv nrog rau tsuas yog peb ntawm muaj koob muaj npe tsev qiv ntawv nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, nyob rau hauv London, Paris thiab Munich. Nyob rau hauv 1794, tom qab cov hluav ntawm lub uprising Kosciuszko Suvorov. 400,000 tagnrho tau tshaj tawm hais tias cov khoom teejtug uas yog tus Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman. Pearl ntawm cov nyiaj kuj yog ib tug tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Voltaire, uas twb yuav los ntawm Catherine II nyob rau hauv 1778 nyob rau ntawm lub Deni Volter tus muam tus ntxhais thiab heiress ntawm tus poj txawj xav. Tshwj xeeb nkoj nws raug coj mus rau Russia thiab muab tso rau hauv lub Hermitage, thiab qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Alexander II twb pauv mus rau Imperial Public Library.

Center ntawm kev cai lub neej thiab kev nrhav

Tsuas yog tus thawj 30 xyoo ntawm lub neej, lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm lub ob txhais tes ntawm cov txawj nyeem ntawv tau txais ntau tshaj li 100 000 cov ntawv luam ntawm cov phau ntawv. Lawm, cov nyiaj nws yog tujtaws nce raws li tus xov tooj ntawm cov neeg tuaj xyuas, thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1832-1835 yog commissioned nyob rau hauv lub thib ob lub tsev, lub facade ntawm uas tau mus rau lub Catherine lub vaj. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm XIX th xyoo pua cov me nyuam yaus, vim heev heev phau ntawv khoom plig, peb pib nce avalanche - rau 50s 30 lub sij hawm muab piv rau tag nrho cov thawj ib nrab ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo. By 1917, muaj loj heev tooj ntawm phau tau txhais nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv tus collections. National Public Library (St. Petersburg) yog tus thawj nyob rau hauv Russia, nyob qhov twg cov hoob kawm tsim nyog tau raug abolished - nws pib mus xyuas tus poj niam. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1860-1862 ua tau lwm tsev nyob project VI Sobolevschikova, shutting ntawm lub loog perimeter. Tag nrho cov nrhav librarianship tshwm nyob rau hauv no.

lub sij hawm ntawm kev nyuaj siab

Los ntawm 1917 mus 1930, cov nyiaj cia ua ub no yuav muab ncua vim lub nationalized private collections thiab collections ntawm monasteries thiab tsoom fwv cov koom haum, txawm hais tias nyob rau cov nuj nqis ntawm sau ntau lawm cov cuab tam rau kom yuav luag tag nres thiab txum tim rov qab tsuas yog tom qab xyoo 1930.

Library neeg ua hauj lwm tau raug tsuj, uas txuas ntxiv mus txawm thaum lub sij hawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog, uas inflicted zoo puas tsuaj nyiaj. Tab sis thaum lub sij hawm lub siege tsev qiv ntawv kuv ua hauj lwm thiab ua hauj lwm cov txawj nyeem ntawv.

Ib tug ceev yuav tsum tau rau cov tshiab chaw

State National Library (St. Petersburg) nyob rau hauv 1991 los ntawm decree Borisa Eltsina twb renamed dua. Tam sim no nws yog hu ua tus Lavxias teb sab teb chaws cov tsev qiv ntawv.

Needless hais tias lub tsev, uas twb dhau lub hnub nyoog ntawm 200 xyoo, decayed thiab ua txaus ntshai rau cia ntau ntawm cov zoo tshaj plaws daim. Yog li ntawd, txawm nyob rau hauv lub XX xyoo pua, muaj ib lo lus nug txog qhov kev siv ntawm cov tshiab lub tsev raws li tag nrho cov uas yuav tsum tau ntawm tiam no. Nyob rau hauv 1970 qhov kev txiav txim kom lawv muaj lub tshiab lub tsev twb tau, thiab rau 10 xyoo lub tshiab lub tsev project twb tsim, thiab ces tus tib ntau xyoo, nws tau tsa. Nws twb tsuas yog thawj theem ntawm cov tshiab lub tsev twb qhib nyob rau hauv 2003 (nws muaj xws li tag nrho cov kev nyeem ntawv chav thiab tsev qiv ntawv, es tsis txhob ntawm ib tug qhib thaum lub sij hawm ntawm 10 lab phau ntawv).

Tus tshiab lub tsev ho tsis daws tau tag nrho cov teeb meem

Tus tshiab tsev (vaj tse lub tsev qiv ntawv thiab tau pib ua neeg hu ua) tau tsiv mus rau lub teb chaws tsev qiv ntawv (St. Petersburg). "Yeej Park" - lub subway chaw nres tsheb, nyob rau hauv lub tam sim ntawd cheeb tsam (ua cas cov yeej Park, opposite) rau lub 9-storey tsev ntawm lub tshiab sib tsub sib nias, muaj peev xwm kom haum raws li mus txog 12 lab phau ntawv. Nyeem cov chav thiab lwm yam chaw ua hauj lwm muaj nyob rau hauv vaj tse ntawm lesser qhov siab. Cia yog ib tug tseem ceeb feature ntawm tag nrho cov project. Nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev no nws twb cais zajlus ntawm 4.6 hectares. Nyob rau hauv lub qub tsev ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv, nyob rau ntawm 11 qhov chaw, khw muag khoom mus 22,7 lab phau ntawv.

Lawm, lawv pomzoo. Tab sis nkag mus rau ib tug tshiab niaj hnub tsev qiv ntawv lub tsev tsis tau solved tag nrho cov teeb meem - yog tseem yog ib feem ntawm cov nyiaj yog thaum 9 qhov chaw, tej zaum nyob rau hauv khiab tsev nyob vaj tse nyob rau hauv disrepair. Nyob rau hauv 2009, ib tug daim ntawv cog lus tau kos npe los tsim kom tau ib tug tshiab 11-zaj dabneeg phau ntawv teev ib daim ntawv, uas yuav tsum tau nyob tom ntej no mus rau lub uas twb muaj lawm txoj nyob rau hauv yeej Park.

innovation chaw

Tus zoo nkauj lub cev tshiab cozily nestled National Library ntawm Russia (St. Petersburg). Qhov chaw nyob ntawm lub tsev yog: Moscow Avenue, 165, Bldg .. 2. Tus tshiab lub tsev ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab teb chaws cov tsev qiv ntawv yog qhov chaw ntawm innovation tej yaam num, uas tso cai rau mus nce cov kev pab cuam rau ib tug tag nrho tshiab. Nrog rau ntawm hluav taws xob tsev qiv ntawv, qhib nyob rau hauv 2006, hluav taws xob catalogs, txuas rau xyoo 2011 mus rau ib tug network ntawm hluav taws xob cov tsev qiv ntawv Vivaldi - tag nrho cov no yuav siv sij hawm MFN lub siab tshaj plaws thoob ntiaj teb. Lub tuam tsev no yog lub tsev hauv paus ntawm Lavxias teb sab Library Association.