Tsim, Zaj dabneeg
Northeast Russia: nqi zog, kab lis kev cai, keeb kwm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub cheeb tsam
Yuav kom txiav txim seb qhov spatial kingdoms pab pawg neeg Rus tswm ntawm Volga thiab Oka nyob rau hauv IX-XII centuries, historians tau txais mus rau hauv kev siv lub sij hawm "North-Eastern Russia". Nws yog hais txog lub teb chaws dag nyob rau hauv lub Rostov thiab Suzdal, Vladimir. Ii kuj synonymous cov nqe lus, xav lub koom haum ntawm lub xeev lug nyob rau hauv txawv xyoo - "Rostov-Suzdal", "Vladimir-Suzdal nqi zog," thiab "Cov neeg pej xeem Duchy ntawm Vladimir." Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov XIII xyoo pua Russia, uas hu ua lub North-East, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tsis tu tsis tseg nyob ua ib ke - uas tau pab mus rau ntau yam ntawm cov txheej xwm.
Grand Dukes Rostov
Tag nrho peb ntawm cov nqi zog ntawm Northeast Russia yam siv tib av, hloov ntau lub xyoo tab sis lub peev thiab rulers. Tus thawj nroog yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv cov qhov chaw, tau Rostov, nyob rau hauv lub annals mention ntawm nws hnub rov qab mus rau 862 BC. e. Ua ntej mus rau nws tus founding pab pawg neeg nyob ntawm no Meria, thiab tag nrho cov teej tug mus rau lub Finno-Ugric haiv neeg. Slavic pab pawg neeg xws li ib tug duab yog tsis rau tus ntsuj plig, thiab lawv - krivichi, vyatichi, Ilmen Slovenes - tau muaj kev koom colonize lub teb chaws.
Tom qab tsim ntawm Rostov, uas yog cov tsib lub zos nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm tus tub huabtais ntawm Kiev, Oleg, mention ntawm Meria thiab lub zos twb yuav tsis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Tej lub sij hawm Rostov kav proteges ntawm lub Kievan princes, tab sis nyob rau hauv 987 lub Principality twb kav Yaroslav Mudry - tus tub ntawm Vladimir, None ntawm Kiev. Nrog rau cov 1010-th - Boris. Kom txog rau thaum 1125, thaum lub capital twb pauv los ntawm Rostov rau Suzdal nqi zog dhau los ntawm txhais tes mus rau tes rau tus rulers ntawm Kiev, nws tau nws tus kheej rulers. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws Rostov princes - Vladimir Monomakh Yuri Dolgoruky - tau ua ib tug ntau mus rau lub kev loj hlob ntawm lub North-Eastern Russia, coj mus rau txoj kev vam meej thaj av no, tab sis tsis ntev tib yam Dolgoruky tsiv lub capital rau Suzdal, qhov uas nws kav mus txog rau thaum 1149. Tab sis lawv tau ua ntau castles thiab lub koom txoos nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm tus tib serf qauv nrog ib tug weighted proportions, lub squat. Thaum Dolgoruky tsim sau lus, arts and crafts.
legacy Rostov
Tom qab tsiv Yuriya Dolgorukogo nyob rau hauv Suzdal Rostov thaum Izyaslav Mstislavovich kev cai, tab sis maj mam tus ntawm lub nroog thaum kawg tuaj rau naught, thiab nws pib nyob rau hauv lub annals hais tsis tshua muaj heev. Center Duchy ib nrab ib xyoo pua pauv mus rau Suzdal.
Lub feudal nom tswv cajceg tsa sawv daws rau lawv tus kheej, thaum lub artisans thiab peasants languished nyob rau hauv cov ntoo huts. Lawv tsev neeg zoo li cellars, tsev neeg cov khoom tau feem ntau ntoo. Tab sis nyob rau hauv zes chav Lucin yug unsurpassed, khaub ncaws, luxuries. Tag nrho cov uas yog lub npe hu, bore thiab yuav ua li cas mus kho lawv tus yees, ua ob txhais tes ntawm peasants thiab artisans. Zoo kab lis kev cai ntawm lub North-Eastern Russia twb tsim nyob rau hauv lub thatched ntoo huts.
Rostov-Suzdal
Thaum lub sij hawm luv luv lub sij hawm kom txog rau thaum qhov chaw ntawm lub North-Eastern Russia nws yog Suzdal nqi zog yuav tsum tau kav nyob rau hauv tag nrho peb cov tub huabtais. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub neeg mloog, nws cov tub - cornflowers Yu thiab Andrew Yu, nicknamed Bogolyubsky, thiab ces, tom qab cov kev hloov ntawm lub capital rau Vladimir (nyob rau hauv 1169) nyob rau hauv Suzdal xyoo kav Mstislav Rostislavovich Bezoky, tab sis qhov tshwj xeeb lub luag hauj lwm nws ua si nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm. Tag nrho cov princes ntawm Northeast Russia los ntawm Rurik, tab sis tsis yog txhua tus yog ib tug tsim nyog zoo ntawm.
Thaum Yuri, uas yog zoo dua lub npe hu ua tus founder ntawm Moscow, muaj lwm yam tseem ceeb rau lub keeb kwm ntawm Russia cov kev tshwm sim. Yog li ntawd, nws yog thaum lub sij hawm lub reign Dolgoruky Northeast nqi zog los ua cais los ntawm Kiev mus ib txhis. Ib tug loj loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no twb ua si thiab ib tug ntawm cov tub Yuri - Andrew Bogolyubskii uas dawb ceev Patrimony hlub txiv thiab yuav tsis xav txog tej yam kuv tus kheej tsis muaj nws.
Lub sib ntaus tawm tsam tus ua nom ua tswv thiab cov kev xaiv ntawm tus tshiab capital ntawm Russia
Plans Yuriya Dolgorukogo, nyob rau hauv uas nws pom nws tus tij tub, rulers ntawm lub yav qab teb kingdoms, thiab yau - masters ntawm Rostov thiab Suzdal, thiab tsis tuaj yeej muaj tseeb. Tab sis lawv lub luag hauj lwm yog nyob rau hauv ib co txoj kev txawm tseem ceeb tshaj. Yog li ntawd, Andrew tshaj tawm nws tus kheej raws li ib tug paub qab hau thiab far-pom tus pas ntsuas. Nws wayward cim scrambled kom muaj cov mej zeej ntawm nws cov board of nobles, tiam sis ntawm no Bogolyubskii qhia lawv yuav los tsiv lub capital ntawm Suzdal rau Vladimir, thiab ces coj nws tus kheej Kiev nyob rau hauv 1169.
Txawm li cas los, cov peev ntawm Kievan Rus tsis attracted tus neeg no. Thaum yeej ob lub nroog thiab lub title ntawm "Grand Duke", nws tsis nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv Kiev, thiab cog nyob rau hauv nws tus tswv xeev ntawm nws tus tij laug Gleb. Rostov thiab Suzdal, nws kuj tau coj ib tug me nyuam lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm cov xyoo, raws li los ntawm lub sij hawm uas lub capital rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj Russia yog Vladimir. Qhov no lub nroog Andrei xaiv nws qhov chaw nyob nyob rau hauv 1155, ua ntej lub conquest ntawm Kiev. Los ntawm rau yav qab teb principalities, qhov uas nws kav rau ib txhia lub sij hawm, nws coj tuaj rau Vladimir thiab lub icon ntawm leej niam ntawm Vajtswv Vyshgorod, uas yog heev honored.
Qhov kev xaiv ntawm capital tau zoo heev: yuav luag ob puas xyoo, lub nroog nyob rau hauv lub Palm nyob rau hauv Russia. Rostov thiab Suzdal tau sim rov qub hwjchim ci ntsa iab, tiam sis txawm tom qab kev tuag ntawm Andrew, nws laus tshaj li cov neeg pej xeem Duke twb paub nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av, tsuas yog hais tias lub Chernigov thiab Galic, lawv tsis tau zoo.
infighting
Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Andreya Bogolyubskogo Suzdal thiab Rostov hais lus rau cov tub Rostislav Yurevich - Yaropolk thiab Mstislav - nyob rau hauv kev cia siab hais tias lawv txoj cai yuav rov qab nroog rau nws txoj qub hwjchim ci ntsa iab, tab sis qhov ntev-awaited unification ntawm lub North-Eastern Russia tsis tau tuaj.
Vladimir kav yau tub Yuriya Dolgorukogo - Mikhalkov thiab Vsevolod. Los ntawm lub sij hawm cov tshiab capital tau considerably ntxiv dag zog rau nws cov RESPONSIBILITIES. Andrew puas tau ib tug zoo deal ua: ntse tsim ib tug kev tsim kho, thaum lub sij hawm nws reign ua tus naas ej Cathedral ntawm lub Assumption, nws txawm nrhiav tsev lag luam ntawm ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib archdiocese nyob rau hauv nws nqi zog rau thiab cais los ntawm lub Kiev.
North-Eastern Russia thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Bogolyubsky los ua qhov chaw ntawm kev koom ua ke ntawm Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av, thiab tom qab lub nucleus ntawm tus poj Lavxias teb sab xeev. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Andrew ntawm Smolensk thiab Ryazan Princes Mstislav thiab Jaropolk - cov me nyuam ntawm ib qho ntawm cov tub Dolgoruky Rostislav sim mus txeeb hwj chim nyob rau hauv Vladimir, tab sis lawv cov txiv ntxawm Michael thiab Vsevolod twb muaj zog. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv tau kev txhawb los ntawm tus tub huabtais Chernigovskiy Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich. Civil tsov rog ntawd kub ntev li ntau tshaj peb lub xyoos, tom qab uas Vladimir ruaj tus txheej xwm ntawm lub capital nroog ntawm lub North-sab hnub tuaj ntawm Russia, sab laug, thiab Suzdal, Rostov thiab qub txeeg qub teg subordinate kingdoms.
Los ntawm Kiev rau Moscow
North-eastern pawg neeg thaj av ntawm Russia totaled los ntawm lub sij hawm ib tug ntau ntawm cov zos thiab lub zos. Yog li ntawd, tus tshiab capital twb nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 990 los ntawm Vladimirom Svyatoslavovichem txawm li Vladimir-on-Klyazma. Ib txhia nees nkaum xyoo tom qab nws founding, lub nroog, ib feem ntawm cov Rostov-Suzdal nqi zog, tsis ua paj ntau ntawm cov kev txiav txim princes (mus txog 1108). Thaum lub sij hawm no, nws coj li lub strengthening ntawm lwm tus prince - Vladimir Monomakh. Nws twb muab tsub lub nroog tus txheej xwm ntawm cov kev siv taw tes rau ntawm lub North-Eastern Russia.
Lub fact tias qhov no me me lub zos yuav nws thiaj li ua lub capital nroog ntawm Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av, yuav tsis xeeb tub ntawm leej twg. Nws coj ntau ntau xyoo ua ntej Andrew kos nws xim rau nws thiab tsiv lub capital ntawm nws nqi zog, uas nws yuav tsum tau rau ze li ntawm ob puas xyoo.
Txij thaum ntawd los, cov neeg pej xeem Duke ntawm Vladimir pib yuav tsum tau loj, es Kiev, cov ancient capital ntawm Russia tau poob nws tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm, tab sis paj nyob rau hauv nws yuav tsis ploj ntawm cov princes. Kho kom raug Kiev rau tus yawm honored txhua. Tab sis los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub XIV xyoo pua ib zaug rau outskirts ntawm lub nroog ntawm Vladimir-Suzdal nqi zog - Moscow - maj mam tab sis muaj tseeb pib mus rau sawv. Vladimir tib yam li thaum lub sij hawm Rostov thiab Suzdal, thiab ces - mus poob nws cov cawv. Nws pab ib tug ntau rau koj tsiv mus rau dawb-pob zeb ntawm Metropolitan Peter nyob rau hauv 1328. Princes ntawm Northeast Russia tiv thaiv ntawm lawv tus kheej, thiab lub Moscow thiab Tver rulers ua lawv zoo tshaj plaws los yeej Vladimir kom zoo dua ntawm lub nroog loj ntawm Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av.
Qhov kawg ntawm tus XIV xyoo pua tau cim los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias lub zos cov tswv muaj lub cib fim yuav tsum tau hu ua Grand Duke ntawm Moscow, li ntawd, Moscow kom zoo dua li lwm lub zos los ua khees. Grand Duke Vladimir Dmitry Donskoy kawg coj qhws lub title, tom qab tag nrho cov rulers ntawm Russia tau ua Grand Duke ntawm Moscow. Yog li twb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub North-Eastern Russia raws li ywj siab, txawm overriding lub nqi zog.
Crushing ib zaug haib nqi zog
Tom qab koj tsiv mus Moscow Tsam Vladimir nqi zog raug muab faib. Vladimir Suzdal princes tso Alexander, Veliky Novgorod thiab Kostroma coj nyob rau hauv nws txoj cai tus tub huabtais ntawm Moscow Ivan Danilovich Kalita. Yury Dolgoruky tseem xav siv lub union ntawm lub North-Eastern Russia nrog Novgorod lub Great - nyob rau hauv lub kawg, nws puas tau, tiam sis tsis rau ntev.
Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Suzdal tub huabtais Alexander, nyob rau hauv 1331, nws thaj av kis mus rau cov thawj ntawm Moscow. Thiab 10 xyoo tom qab, nyob rau hauv 1341-m, ib ncig ntawm lub qub North-Eastern Russia twb dua redistribution: Nizhny Novgorod mus rau Suzdal li Gorodets, Vladimir lub nqi zog yeej ib txwm nyob tom qab lub Moscow rulers, uas los ntawm lub sij hawm uas, raws li twb tau hais, kuj coj qhws Great title. Yog li sawv lub Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal Principality.
Trekking nyob rau hauv lub North-East Rus princes los ntawm sab qab teb thiab nruab nrab ntawm lub teb chaws, lawv militancy, contributed me ntsis rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab kos duab. Tsis tau txhia qhov chaw los tsim lub tuam tsev tshiab nyob rau hauv lub tsim uas siv qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev arts and crafts. Nws tsim ib lub teb chaws lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm icon painting nrog tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub sij hawm nrog ci yeeb yuj ornaments, ua ke nrog Byzantine painting.
Av-thawb Lavxias teb sab Mongols
Muaj ntau misfortunes haiv neeg ntawm Russia tau coj civil tsov kev rog, thiab tiv thaiv ntawm lawv tus kheej cov thawj hauv lub sij hawm, tab sis ntau txaus ntshai teeb meem tuaj rau lub Mongols nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj 1238. Cov tag nrho ntawm lub North-Eastern Russia (lub nroog ntawm Rostov, Yaroslavl, Moscow, Vladimir, Suzdal, Uglich, Tver) tsis yog cia li nyuaj siab heev - nws twb yuav luag hlawv mus rau hauv av. Cov tub rog ntawm tub huabtais Vladimir Vsevolodovich twb tawg detachment Temnik Burundi, tus tub huabtais tuag, thiab nws tus tij laug Yaroslav Vsevolod twb yuam kom xa mus rau tag nrho cov Horde. Mongol-Tatars xwb thawm xyoo pom tau hais tias nws raws li tus hlob ntawm tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab princes, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, tag nrho lawv refueled. Cov chaw xaiv tsa yeej Russia tsuas muaj kev tswj kom ciaj sia lub Great Novgorod.
Nyob rau hauv 1259, Alexander Nevsky muaj ib tug census nyob rau hauv Novgorod, tau tsim ib lub tswv yim ntawm tsoom fwv thiab nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev uas kom ntxiv dag zog nws txoj hauj lwm. Peb xyoos tom qab, nyob rau hauv Yaroslavl, Rostov, Suzdal Pereyaslavl thiab Vladimir raug tua cov tuabneeg sau se, cov North-Eastern Russia dua tuaj mus rau ib tug standstill nyob rau hauv anticipation ntawm lub tua thiab kev puas tsuaj. Qhov no punitive ntsuas tau zam - Alexander Nevsky tus kheej mus rau lub Horde thiab kev tswj los mus tiv thaiv cov teeb meem, tab sis tuag rau txoj kev rov qab. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1263. Tsuas yog nws rog kev tswj kom muaj ib co kev ncaj ncees Vladimir nqi zog tom qab kev tuag ntawm Alexander, nws puas tau mus rau hauv ywj siab fiefdoms.
Lub liberation ntawm Russia los ntawm lub yoke ntawm Tatars, lub rooj txhawb siab uas kawm askiv thiab kab lis kev cai kev loj hlob
Scary nws tau xyoo ... Nyob rau hauv ib tes - qhov ntxeem tau ntawm lub North-Eastern Russia, nyob rau lwm yam - yog txuas ntxiv clashes tseem muaj sia nyob principalities rau muaj tshiab pawg neeg thaj av. Raug kev txom nyem tag nrho cov: thiab lub rulers thiab lawv kawm. Liberation ntawm lub Mongol khans tsuas tuaj nyob rau hauv 1362. Lavxias teb sab-Lithuanian pab tub rog nyob rau hauv lub txib ntawm Duke Algirdas yeej lub Tatars, displacing tag nrho cov warlike nomads los ntawm cov Vladimir-Suzdal, Muscovy, Pskov cheeb tsam thiab cov Novgorod cheeb tsam.
Lub xyoo siv nyob rau hauv lub yoke ntawm tus yeeb ncuab, muaj disastrous txim: lub kab lis kev cai ntawm lub North-Eastern Russia tau tuaj mus rau ib tug ua tiav standstill. Lub puam tsuaj ntawm lub zos, kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub koom txoos, kev puas tsuaj ntawm ib tug loj ib feem ntawm cov pej xeem thiab, raws li ib tug tsim nyog tau - tsis muaj ib co hom crafts. Thaum ob tug thiab ib tug ib nrab centuries nres cov kev cai thiab coj mus muag kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev. Muaj ntau monuments ntawm cov ntoo thiab pob zeb architecture raug tua nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws kub los yog twb nyob rau hauv lub Horde. muaj ntau yam ntawm cov hom kev kawm uas siv tau poob, slesarstva thiab lwm yam crafts. Muaj ntau sau cov ntaub ntawv tau zoo tsis muaj ib txoj lw, keeb kwm, arts and crafts, painting tuaj mus rau ib tug ua tiav standstill. Nws coj yuav luag ib nrab xyoo kom zoo rau cov me ntsis uas yog cawm tau. Tab sis txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshiab hom khoom siv tes ua mus nrawm.
Neeg lub devastated pawg neeg thaj av tswj kom muaj nws cov cim teb chaws tus kheej thiab txoj kev hlub rau lub ancient kab lis kev cai. Nyob rau hauv ib co txoj kev, lub xyoo nyob rau hauv lub Tatars twb yog vim li cas rau cov emergence ntawm tshiab hom uas kawm askiv thiab crafts ntawm Russia.
Kev sib sau ntawm cov qoob loo thiab daim av
Tom qab liberation ntawm tus quab ntawm ntau Lavxias teb sab princes tuaj rau tsis yooj yim rau lawv cov kev txiav txim siab thiab advocated qhov union ntawm lawv ntiag tug nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev. Centers ntawm rebirth thiab txoj kev ywj pheej thiab Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai pib Novgorod thiab Pskov av. Nws yog ntawm no uas tau drained los ntawm yav qab teb thiab hauv paus cheeb tsam ntawm cov ua hauj lwm uas muaj hnub nyoog pejxeem, coj nrog lawv cov laus sawv ntawm lawv kab lis kev cai, kev sau ntawv, architecture. Ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub unification ntawm Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av thiab lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm kab lis kev cai tau cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov Moscow nqi zog, uas muaj ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm antiquity, cov phau ntawv, kos duab.
Cov kev siv ntawm lub zos thiab lub tuam tsev, thiab tej chaw tiv thaiv. Tver yog tej zaum tus thawj lub nroog nyob rau hauv lub North-Eastern Russia, qhov chaw uas pob zeb siv pib. Peb tham txog kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm txoj kev Hloov Hlo rau hauv cov style ntawm Vladimir-Suzdal architecture. Nyob rau hauv txhua lub nroog, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv tus lug tau ua lub koom txoos thiab monasteries ntawm tus Cawm Seej rau spilled YL, Peter thiab Paul nyob rau hauv ib tug uas luam tawv tsiaj, Basil nyob rau Hill nyob rau hauv Pskov Epiphany nyob rau hauv Zapskove thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Keeb kwm ntawm North-Eastern Russia twb xav thiab txuas ntxiv nyob rau hauv cov vaj tse.
Painting revived Feofan Grek, Daniil Cherny thiab Andrei Rublev - tus naas ej Lavxias teb sab icon painters. Master jeweller lub recreate ploj lawm relics, ntau artisans ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub restoration ntawm cov kos duab tsim lub teb chaws yam khoom hauv tsev, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, cov khaub ncaws. Ntau ntau lub hnub nyoog tau tuaj mus rau peb hnub.
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