"Npam Hnub" Bunin: txoj kev los ntawm tshooj

Nyeem "Npam Hnub" (Bunin, ib txoj kev nram qab no hauv qab no), unwittingly ntes koj tus kheej xav tias nyob rau hauv Russia los hloov ib tug "foom phem rau cov hnub" tuaj txom tshiab, tsis muaj tsawg "damned" ... Lawv ua txuj coj zoo li yuav sib txawv, tab sis lawv cov essence seem tib yam - txoj kev puas tsuaj, desecration, kev tsim txom, cynicism thiab kev txom histrionics uas tsis tua, tom qab kev tuag - tsis yog lub phem tshaj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, thiab yuav neeg xiam hoob khab tus ntsuj plig, transforming lub neej nyob rau hauv lub qeeb tuag tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb, tsis muaj txoj kev xav nrog tsuas yog ib nco emptiness. Scary, thaum nws yog lam xav hais tias tej yam uas zoo sib xws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm ib tug txiv neej. Thiab yog hais tias koj xav txog tej yam uas cov "tus kab mob no" multiplies thiab kis, infecting lab ntawm tus ntsuj plig, rau xyoo rhuav tseg tag nrho lub teb chaws tag nrho cov qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb? Ua luaj.

Moscow, 1918

Pib los ntawm Lub ib hlis ntuj 1918 mus Lub ib hlis ntuj 1920, lub zoo txawj sau ntawv ntawm Russia Bunin Ivan Alekseevich ( "Npam Hnub") kaw nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug chaw muag mis nyuj - nyob briefs kawm - tag nrho cov uas tau tshwm sim ua ntej nws lub qhov muag nyob rau hauv post-revolutionary Russia, txhua yam uas nws xav txhawj xeeb uas tau raug kev txom nyem li cas thiab lub so ntawm nws hnub yeej tsis ncaim - zoo kawg mob rau lawv lub teb chaws.

Tus ntaub ntawv no yog ua los ntawm cov thawj nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1918. Ib tug "damn" ib xyoos tom qab, tab sis tsis muaj kev kaj siab, vim hais tias nws yog tsis yooj yim sua xav txog tej yam uas Russia yog tos ntau. Optimism yog tsis tau, thiab txawm malomalski kev cia siab rau ib tug rov qab mus rau "ntxiv rau txoj kev" los yog es hloov rau lub zoo dua melting nrog txhua hnub tshiab. Nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tham nrog polotorami txawj sau ntawv nws quotes ib tug "curly", uas niaj hnub no tsuas yog Vajtswv xwb paub dab tsi nrog peb txhua tus yuav tau ... Tom qab tag nrho cov tsev loj cuj, hlwb tsev kho mob tso tawm criminals thiab lunatics uas lawv cov tsiaj instinctively hnov tus ntxhiab tsw ntawm cov ntshav, cov txhis lub hwj chim thiab impunity. "Kuv muab tso tawm tus huab tais", poob rau lub zwm txwv, thiab yog tam sim no khiav los ntawm ib tug neeg uas zoo heev, thiab rampant nyob rau hauv lub loj heev expanses ntawm Russia: nyob rau hauv Simferopol, hais tias cov tub rog thiab neeg ua hauj lwm twb raug txim indiscriminately, "cia li hauv caug-sib sib zog nqus nyob rau hauv cov ntshav mus." Thiab phem tshaj ntawm tag nrho - muaj tsuas yog ib puas txhiab, tab sis lab ntawm cov neeg, thiab tsis tau ua dab tsi ...

impartiality

Peb mus txuas ntxiv rau txoj kev ( "Npam Hnub" Bunin IA). Tsis yog cov pej xeem, ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv Russia thiab nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe tau liam tus kws uas sau subjectivity nyob rau hauv nws kev txiav txim txog cov neeg txheej xwm, hais tias tib lub sij hawm yuav ua tau ncaj ncees thiab lub hom phiaj nyob rau hauv qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm Lavxias teb sab kiv puag ncig. Tag nrho cov tawm tsam Bunin teb unequivocally - impartiality nyob rau hauv qhov ncaj kev txiav txim zoo ntawm cov lo lus tsis muaj, thiab yeej tsis yuav, thiab nws cov "ncaj ncees" los ntawm kev txom nyem rau lawv nyob rau hauv cov txaus ntshai xyoo, nws yog lub feem ntau uas tsis yog impartiality.

Nws muaj txhua txoj cai thiab kev sib ntxub, thiab bitterness, thiab kev chim siab thiab kev raug txim. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus yuav "siab" thaum koj saib cov scene los ntawm cov nyob deb ces kaum, thiab koj paub hais tias tsis muaj ib tug thiab tsis muaj dab tsi yuav rhuav tshem koj los yog, txawm mob heev, ua kom puas koj lub meej mom, maim unrecognizable plig ... Thiab thaum twg koj nrhiav tau koj tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub midst ntawm cov feem ntau txaus ntshai tej xwm txheej thaum koj tawm hauv lub tsev thiab tsis paub, rov qab los muaj ciaj sia thaum evicted ntawm nws chav tsev, thaum tshaib plab thaum muab "rau ooj biscuit", "pozhuesh lawv - lub stench ntawm infernal ntsuj plig Burns" thaum lub feem ntau intolerable lub cev txom nyem tsis muaj dab tsi kev sib piv nrog kev puas hlwb IU aniyami thiab incessant, exhausting, yuav siv sij hawm txhua yam tsis muaj ib tug kab mob los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias "peb cov me nyuam thiab cov xeeb ntxwv yuav tsis tau xav txog tej yam uas lub teb chaws, lub teb chaws, Russia, qhov chaw uas peb siv los yuav (ie nag hmo) nyob, peb ua tsis tau muaj nuj nqis, tsis to taub - tag nrho cov no muaj hwj chim, complexity, richness, kev zoo siab ... ", tus" mob siab rau "yuav tsis tsis tau, thiab nws yuav yog li qhov tseeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev zoo thiab kev phem.

Txoj kev xav thiab cwj pwm txawv

Muaj, "Npam Hnub" Bunin nyob rau hauv lub Summary kuj sau nrog desolation, kev nyuaj siab thiab intolerance. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm prevailing nyob rau hauv qhov kev piav qhia ntawm cov neeg ntawm cov xyoo, cov txheej xwm thiab lawv tus kheej nrog lub xeev uas tsaus nti xim muaj peev xwm thiab yuav tsum tau coj tsis txhob "rho tawm" kos npe rau, thiab tus kos npe rau "plus". Black-thiab-dawb duab, devoid ntawm kaj, nyeem xim, kev xav thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ntxaum thiab thinner. Dub number case kev sib ntxub ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab kiv puag ncig thiab lub Bolsheviks tiv thaiv cov dawb ntub daus, "plastered lawv schoolgirls mus - zoo nkauj thiab kev xyiv fab" - qhov no yog qhov painfully zoo nkauj zoo, ob lub kis thiab qias neeg, thiab kev ntshai, thiab tam sim no, tsis muaj dab tsi piv tau rau txoj kev hlub rau cov Fatherland thiab cov ntseeg uas sim ua ntej los yog tom qab lub "txiv neej dawb huv", "builder, siab zog" yuav kov yeej heev "ruffian" thiab "destroyer" nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg.

contemporaries

Cov phau ntawv "Npam Hnub" (Bunin Ivan) yog sau, thiab txawm tag nrho, cov nqe lus ntawm tus sau hais txog nws lub contemporaries: BLOK, Gorky, Himmer, Sukhanov, Mayakovsky, Bryusov, Tikhonov ... kev txiav txim, feem ntau tsis zoo rau nej, stinging. yuav tsis IA Bunin to taub, yuav tsum ua thiab zam txim rau lawv "prihlebatelstvo" ua ntej tus tshiab cov tub ceev xwm. Yuav ua li cas tej zaum yuav muab rooj plaub no ntawm ib tug ncaj ncees, txawj ntse txiv neej thiab cov Bolsheviks?

Yuav ua li cas yog cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov Bolsheviks thiab tag nrho cov tuam txhab - Tikhonov, Gorky, Himmer, Sukhanov? Nyob rau hauv ib tes, lawv yog "tawm tsam" rau lawv, tab hu lawv ua "lub tuam txhab ntawm adventurers," uas rau lub hom phiaj ntawm lub hwj chim, lam nkaum qab "qhov kev txaus siab ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab proletariat" ntxeev siab rau tus motherland thiab "tsis paub lub tsis muaj lub zwm txwv ntawm lub Romanovs." Thiab nyob rau hauv lwm yam? Thiab nyob rau hauv lwm yam - nyob "nyob rau hauv lub tsev" nyob rau hauv lub soviets requisitioned "National Hotel" rau ntawm cov phab ntsa portraits ntawm Lenin thiab Trotsky, thiab hauv qab no - kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov tub rog thiab muab kis Bolshevik "commandant."

Bryusov, BLOK, Mayakovsky, tab tuaj koom lub Bolsheviks, thiab tau ua, raws li tus sau, cov neeg no ruam. Nrog tib zeal lawv touted li autocracy thiab Bolshevism. Cov khoom ntawm lawv cov "yooj yim-minded", nws yog "laj kab ntawv nyeem." Tab sis qhov tseem depressing yog hais tias lub "laj kab" uas yuav ntshav kinsfolk yuav luag tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, nws shielded yog hais tias tsis tag nrho cov zog ntawm Guj kuj NW nyuam qhuav. Puas tabkaum ib - yuav puas tau yuav tau los ntawm nyob rau hauv lub laj kab kom tau tawm? Lub Xeem, Lub Mayakovsky yuav tsis coj kom zoo, txhua lub sij hawm yuav tsum "muab" raws li yog hais tias "tsis paub kev ywj pheej" thiab "stoerosovaya directness ntawm kev txiav txim" yog indispensable "muab" txuj ci.

Lenin

Peb mus txuas ntxiv rau txoj kev - "Npam Hnub" Bunin Ivan Alekseevich. Tshwj xeeb kev sib ntxub nyob rau hauv cov khoom yog impregnated nrog rau cov duab ntawm Lenin. Tus sau tsis skimp on lub sharply tsis zoo epithets tawm tsam cov "Bolshevik thawj coj" - "negligible", "con", "O, li cas ib tug tsiaj nyaum" ... tsis yog hais lus, thiab leaflets tau muab tso rau ib ncig ntawm lub nroog uas Lenin thiab Trotsky - li ib txwm " Bastards ", traitors, bribed los ntawm cov Germans. Tab sis Bunin tsis dhau ntseeg nyob rau hauv cov taug xaiv. Nws pom nyob rau hauv lawv "fanatics", piously ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub "ntiaj teb no conflagration", tab sis nws yog heev npaum li cas, vim hais tias fanaticism - yog ib tug frenzy, xav xav tau, erases rau ib thaj tsam ntawm tsim nyog thiab muab rau ib tug pedestal tsuas kwv uas nws adoration, thiab, yog li ntawd, ntshai, thiab txawm li cas los kev puas tsuaj ntawm tag nrho cov dissenters. Cov neeg ntxeev siab Yudas calms cia tom qab tau txais cov "txawv peb caug daim nyiaj," thiab fanatic mus txog thaum kawg. Ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov no yog txaus: Russia khaws cia nyob rau hauv qhov "stirring teeb meem," tsis txhob ntshai, kev tsov kev rog, cov ntshav thiab ua nruj ua tsiv yog txais tos vim hais tias nws yog suav tias yog lub tsuas tau txhais tau tias ntawm tsis tau zoo "kuj zoo kawg lub hom phiaj". Lenin nws tus kheej yog ntshai ntawm txhua yam, "zoo ib yam li hluav taws kub", qhov txhia chaw nws "xav conspiracies", "awe" ntawm lawv lub hwj chim thiab lub neej, vim hais tias nws tsis xav kom, thiab tseem yuav tsis heev ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub yeej nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj.

Lavxias teb sab kiv puag ncig

"Npam Hnub" Bunin - cov khoom tsom xam tsis xaus ntawm no. Muaj ntau Muses txawj sau ntawv thiab lub essence ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab kiv puag ncig, uas yog inextricably txuas nrog tus ntsuj plig thiab cov ua cim ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg, "vim hais tias tus tseem Vajtswv thiab dab ntxwg nyoog tas li hloov nyob rau hauv Russia." Nyob rau hauv ib tes los ntawm qhov ntxov tshaj plaws lub sij hawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb Lavxias teb sab hwjchim ci ntsa iab "razboynichkami" txawv "poshiba" - "txuas rods, Murom, Saratov, yarygi, runners, rebels tawm tsam tag nrho thiab sundry, lub sowers ntawm txhua txhua ua noj, Lies thiab tsis tseeb cia siab." Nyob rau hauv lwm yam - thiab yog "txiv neej dawb huv", thiab lub plowman, thiab ib tug siv zog ua haujlwm, thiab cov builder. Uas yog ib tug "tas mus li tawm tsam" nrog rau cov freaks thiab cov yeeb ncuab, peb yuav nrhiav tau ib tug amazing kev pe hawm "txhua txhua ua noj, sedition, ntshav mob thiab preposterous" uas poob nthav equated nrog "kuj zoo kawg txoj kev tshav ntuj, novelty thiab originality ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej cov ntaub ntawv."

Lavxias teb sab sib daj sib deev

Uas stemmed los ntawm tej blatant dev paus? Tsev rau ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm Kostomarov, Solovyev rau lub sij hawm ntawm Tej, xav F. M. Dostoevskogo, IA Bunin pom lub hauv paus pib ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm kev txom nyem, hesitation thiab wavering nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv sab ntsuj plig tsaus ntuj, cov tub ntxhais hluas discontent thiab tsis txaus ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab neeg. Zog ntawm Guj kuj - ib tug raug lub teb chaws ruffian.

Ntawm no Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm "kev txhaum" thaum muaj xwm ceev "tsis tshua mob heev". Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog thiab Stenka Razin thiab Pugachev, thiab Kazi-Mulla ... Cov neeg, raws li kos los ntawm lub nqhis dej rau kev ncaj ncees, extraordinary hloov, txoj kev ywj pheej, koob pheej ntawm lawv, leeb qhov kev nce rau ntawm lub thaj, thiab muaj ntau yam tsis to taub tiag tiag, sawv thiab mus nyob rau hauv lub banner ntawm cov heev thawj coj, lzhetsarey, pretenders thiab ambitious. Cov neeg tau, raws li ib tug txoj cai, feem ntau ntau haiv neeg, tab sis nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm tej yam "Lavxias teb sab bacchanalia" lees paub rau feem ntau ntawm cov tus khiav nkaum tub sab, tub nkeeg, scum thiab rabble. Nws tsis yog ib qho tseem ceeb thiab ntev tsis nco qab lawm tus thawj lub hom phiaj - los rhuav tshem lub hauv paus ntawm lub qub kev txiav txim thiab nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw txhim tsa ib lub tshiab. Tiam sis, tus tswv yim yog erased, thiab slogans yuav nyob twj ywm kom txog rau thaum kawg - nws yog tsim nyog los ua cas nrhiav pov thawj rau chaos thiab qhov tsaus ntuj. Pub mus ua kom tiav looting ntawm tag nrho cov koob pheej ntawm lawv, tag nrho txoj kev ywj pheej los ntawm tag nrho cov kev cai lij choj, haiv neeg thiab kev ntseeg. Nyob rau hauv ib tes cov neeg tau txais qaug dej qaug cawv nrog wine thiab ntshav, tab sis nyob rau lwm yam - prostrate rau lawv tus kheej ua ntej lub "ringleader," vim hais tias rau lub slightest kev tsis mloog lus muaj leej twg yuav raug txim los ntawm txoj kev tuag istyazatelnoy. "Lavxias teb sab sib daj sib deev" surpasses nyob rau hauv scale txhua yam ua ntej nws tau ua li cas. Nplai, "senselessness" thiab ib tug tshwj xeeb, incomparable nrog dab tsi dig muag, brute "ruthlessness" thaum "nyob rau hauv zoo ob txhais tes loog, los ntawm lub siab phem - yog unleashed tiv thaiv txhua yam kev phem" - cov no yog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab kiv puag ncig. Thiab nws yog ib zaug dua sawv nyob rau hauv ib tug lossis loj npaum li cas ntawm ...

Odessa, 1919

IA Bunin, "Npam Hnub" - ib txoj kev ntawm lub tshooj tsis xaus muaj. Caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1919, tus kws tsiv mus rau Odessa. Ib zaug ntxiv, lub neej ua ib tug continual expectation ntawm thaum muaj xwm ceev kev rho tawm. Nyob rau hauv Moscow, ntau tau tos rau lub Germans, naively ntseeg hais tias lawv cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv lub internal affairs ntawm Russia thiab tso nws los ntawm cov Bolshevik tsaus ntuj. Ntawm no, nyob rau hauv Odessa, cov neeg lossi khiav rau Nikolaev Boulevard - seb, graying deb Fabkis destroyer. Yog hais tias muaj - ces muaj tsawg kawg yog ib co kev tiv thaiv, kev cia siab, thiab yog hais tias tsis - lub ntshai heev, chaos, emptiness, thiab ces nws yuav muaj rau thaum xaus.

Txhua tag kis sawv ntxov pib nrog kev nyeem ntawv xov xwm. Lawv yog cov tag nrho ntawm taug xaiv thiab lies, nws accumulates heev npaum li cas hais tias koj muaj peev xwm ua tsis taus pa, tab sis los nag los yog txias - tag nrho cov tib neeg sau sau thiab siv tag nrho cov nyiaj. Uas St. Petersburg? Yuav ua li cas yog nyob rau hauv Kiev? Denikin thiab Kolchak? Lus nug uas tsis teb. Es tsis txhob lawv - lub qw muaj nuj nqis: "Cov tub rog liab tsuas rau pem hauv ntej! Peb yog marching ua ke los yeej tom qab yeej! "Los yog" Los, Nyob zoo, tsis txhob suav cov lub cev! ", Thiab hauv qab no rau lawv ib tug twj ywm, orderly ze, raws li yog hais tias nws yuav tsum tau, mus rau sau ntawv ntawm cov kev txom shooting yeeb ncuab ntawm lub soviets los yog" cov lus ceeb toom "hais txog lub imminent hwj chim ua hauj lwm ntawm -Qhov no tiav havzoov ntawm cov roj. Zoo, nws yuav tsum soj ntsuam ... Nyob rau hauv ib lub hlis, "kho" dab tsi thiab txhua yam, "tsis muaj kev tsheb ciav hlau, tsis muaj trams, tsis muaj dej, tsis muaj khoom noj khoom haus, tsis muaj khaub ncaws - tsis muaj dab tsi!"

Lub nroog, ib zaug ib lub bustling thiab xyiv fab, tag nrho ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyob qhov twg lub "qhov", "Bolshevist dens." Muaj, nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm glowing chandeliers, hnov mob siab balalaika, yog pom nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa thiab dub banners, tiv thaiv uas lub dawb pob txha taub hau thiab cov lus hais tias: "Kev tuag rau lub bourgeoisie! Tab sis ua luaj, tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hmo ntuj, tiam sis thaum lub sij hawm ib hnub. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev nws tuaj rau me ntsis. Lub nroog tsis nyob, tag nrho cov loj loj nroog tso nyob rau hauv tsev. Cov huab cua yog lawm ua tus sau nrog tus lawm tias lub teb chaws twb kov yeej los ntawm lwm cov neeg, tej yam tshwj xeeb ", uas yog heev npaum li cas tshaj tej tau pom ua ntej kom txog rau thaum tam sim no. Ib tug conqueror ntawm qhov no yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev, kev ua si rau accordion, seev cev, "conceals lev," nqaub noob, trading los ntawm cov tais thiab nyob rau lub ntsej muag ntawm nws, qhov no conqueror, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, muaj yog tsis muaj niaj hnub, tsis muaj simplicity. Nws yog nkaus sharply qias neeg, frightening nws siab phem stupidity thiab rhuav tshem tag nrho lub neej nws "moody tsis tau servile" kev sib tw txhua yam thiab txhua leej txhua tus ...

"Npam Hnub" Bunin txoj kev: xaus

Nyob rau hauv lub xeem hnub ntawm Lub ib hlis ntuj 1920 I. A. Bunin thiab nws tsev neeg khiav tawm ntawm Odessa. Chaw muag mis nyuj los xij tau ploj mus lawm. Yog li ntawd Odessa sau ntawv yog txiav tawm nyob rau ntawm no taw tes ...

Nyob rau hauv xaus, tsab xov xwm "" Npam Hnub "Bunin: ib txoj kev ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm" Kuv xav kom muab ntau, ib co lus ntawm tus neeg sau ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg, uas, nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm nws txoj kev chim siab, ncaj ncees txoj kev chim siab, hlub thiab honored dhau kev ntsuas, vim hais tias nws twb inextricably txuas nrog nws motherland - Russia . Nws hais tias nyob rau hauv Russia muaj ob hom ntawm cov neeg: thawj yog yeej los ntawm Russia, thiab nyob rau hauv lwm yam - Chud. Tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug thiab nyob rau hauv lub thib ob yog zoo kawg li, tej zaum ntshai changeability moods thiab guises, thiaj li hu ua "unsteadiness". Los ntawm nws, cov neeg zoo li ntoo, yuav tawm mus thiab qws, thiab ib tug icon. Nws tag nrho cov nyob rau qhov kev tshwm sim thiab rau leej twg hews ib tsob ntoo: Emelka Pugachev los yog St. Sergius. I. A. Bunin no "icon" pom thiab nyiam. Muaj ntau leej ntseeg tias tsuas yog raug luag ntxub. Tab sis tsis muaj. Npau taws, qhov no kev hlub yog, thiab kev txom nyem ntawm limitless li phem los ntawm dab tsi tshwm sim tam sim no ua phem rau nws. Koj saib, thiab koj yuav tsis tau ua dab tsi.

Ib zaug dua kuv xav nco ntsoov tias qhov tsab xov xwm hais txog nrog cov ua hauj lwm "" Npam Hnub "Bunin. Executive Summary yuav tsis qhia lub subtlety thiab qhov tob ntawm tus sau phau ntawv lub txoj kev xav, yog li nyeem cov chaw muag mis nyuj sau ntawv nyob rau hauv tag nrho yog tsim nyog.