Nrab Hnub nyoog - qhov no yog dab tsi xyoo pua? Yuav ua li cas yog lub caij nyoog nruab nrab

Nrab Hnub nyoog - ib lub sij hawm uas nws kim heev kev loj hlob ntawm European haiv neeg, yuav tsum vov lub 5-15 th xyoo pua AD. Nws pib lub era tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm tus poj Roman faj tim teb chaws, tshaj - thaum pib ntawm lub kiv puag ncig industrial nyob rau hauv ces. Thaum lub sij hawm no kaum centuries cov teb chaws Europe tau tuaj ib tug ntev txoj kev ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, tsiag ntawv los ntawm zoo tsiv teb tsaws ntawm cov neeg, tus tsim ntawm lub ntsiab European lub teb chaws thiab lub rov tshwm sim ntawm cov feem ntau zoo nkauj monuments ntawm keeb kwm - qhov Gothic cathedrals.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm medieval haiv neeg

Txhua keeb kwm lub sij hawm nws muaj nws tus kheej txawv nta. Lub keeb kwm lub sij hawm yog tsis muaj exception.

Lub era ntawm cov Nrab Hnub nyoog - yog:

• Agrarian kev khwv nyiaj txiag - lub feem ntau ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb;
• lub predominance ntawm tus nyob deb nroog pej xeem ntawm lub nroog (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm thaum ntxov);
• ib tug lossis loj lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj;
• ua raws li Christian tej kev qhuab qhia;
• lub Crusades;
• feudalism;
• lub rov tshwm sim ntawm lub teb chaws-states;
• Culture: Gothic cathedrals, dab neeg, paj huam.

Nrab Hnub nyoog - qhov no yog dab tsi xyoo pua?

Lub era yog muab faib mus rau hauv peb lub ntsiab sij hawm:

• Early - 5-10 th centuries. n. e.
• High - 10-14 th centuries. n. e.
• Tom qab ntawd - 14-15 feeb (16th) caug xyoo. n. e.

Cov nqe lus nug ntawm "Nrab Hnub nyoog - qhov no yog dab tsi lub xyoo pua" muaj tsis muaj tseeb cov lus teb, muaj tsuas yog approximate nuj nqis - lub taw tes ntawm view ntawm ib pab pawg neeg ntawm historians.

Peb lub sij hawm yog sib txawv heev los ntawm txhua lwm yam: thaum pib ntawm ib tug tshiab era ntawm cov teb chaws Europe tej kev kub ntxhov lub sij hawm - lub sij hawm ntawm instability thiab fragmentation, nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, tsim ib haiv neeg uas nws txawv kev cai thiab cov tshuaj tseem ceeb.

Cov nyob mus ib txhis tsis sib haum mainstream science nrog lwm

Tej zaum koj yuav hnov cov nqe lus :. "Antiquity - yog cov Nrab Hnub nyoog" Educated txiv neej clutching nws lub taub hau thaum nws hnov li no delusion. Official science considers uas cov Nrab Hnub nyoog - ib tug era, uas pib tom qab lub capture ntawm lub Western Roman faj tim teb chaws los ntawm barbarians nyob rau hauv lub 5 xyoo pua. n. e.

Txawm li cas los, lwm txoj historians (Fomenko) tsis txhob muab tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm official science. Nyob rau hauv lawv lub vajvoog, koj yuav hnov cov nqe lus :. "Antiquity - yog cov Nrab Hnub nyoog" Nws yuav tsum tau hais tsis yog los ntawm ignorance, tiam sis los ntawm ib tug txawv foundations. Leej twg los ntseeg, thiab cov uas tsis - koj txiav txim siab. Peb muab cov saib ntawm lub official keeb kwm.

Yuav ua li cas nws tag nrho cov pib: lub cev qhuav dej ntawm tus poj Roman faj tim teb chaws

Tus capture ntawm Rome los ntawm cov barbarians - qhov no yog ib tug loj keeb kwm kev tshwm sim yog thaum pib ntawm lub era ntawm medieval teb chaws Europe.

Faj tim teb chaws ntawd kub ntev li 12 centuries, thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no, tau sau invaluable kawm txawj thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm cov neeg uas tau sunk rau hauv oblivion tom qab lub siab phem pab pawg neeg ntawm cov Ostrogoths, Huns thiab cov Gauls coj nws ib sab (476 BC. E.).

Cov txheej txheem yog gradual: thawj, tawm ntawm kev tswj tawm ntawm Rome ntes rau hauv lub xeev, thiab ces poob Center. Lub sab hnub tuaj ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws, nrog nws capital nyob rau hauv Constantinople (tam sim no Istanbul) lasted kom txog thaum lub 15th caug xyoo.

Tom qab lub capture thiab cov hnab txhuv Rome los ntawm tus barbarians cov teb chaws Europe plunged rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti uas muaj hnub nyoog. Txawm tias tseem ceeb setbacks thiab tsis meej pem, cov pab pawg neeg muaj peev xwm ua ke los mus tsim ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib lub xeev thiab ib tug tshwj xeeb kab lis kev cai.

Early Nrab Hnub nyoog - yog lub era ntawm lub "tsaus ntuj nti uas muaj hnub nyoog": 5-10 th centuries. n. e.

Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, hauv lub xeev ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws los ua sovereign lub xeev; Hun cov thawj coj, npaj txhij thiab Franks tshaj tawm hais tias lawv tus kheej Dukes, graphs, thiab lwm yam npe. Kuj ceeb tias, tus neeg ntseeg cov feem ntau authoritative personalities thiab coj lawv lub hwj chim.

Raws li nws muab tawm, lub barbarian pab pawg twb tsis yog li ntawd qus, raws li koj tau xav txog tej yam peb xav tias lawv muaj lub pib ntawm statehood thiab paub ntawm ib tug txheej thaum ub theem metallurgy.

Qhov no lub sij hawm yog tseem ceeb rau lub fact tias muaj peb av:

• txiv plig;
• nom tswv cajceg;
• neeg.

Yuav kom cov neeg kho lub peasants, artisans thiab tub txawj tub ntse. Ntau tshaj 90% ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub zos thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teb. ua liaj ua teb yam yog Agrarian.

High Nrab Hnub nyoog - 10-14 th centuries. n. e.

kev cai heyday. Tus thawj yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm tsim ntawm ib tug tej yam worldview, yam ntxwv ntawm medieval txiv neej. Horizons broadened: muaj ib daim duab ntawm tus zoo nkauj, hais tias nws yuav ua rau kev txiav txim zoo nyob rau hauv ua, thiab lub ntiaj teb no yog zoo nkauj thiab harmonious.

Kev cai dab qhuas ua si ib tug enormous lub luag hauj lwm - cov neeg pe hawm Vajtswv, mus rau lub tsev teev ntuj thiab sim ua raws li biblical qhov tseem ceeb.

Yuav kom tsim ruaj khov luam kev sib raug zoo ntawm sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob: tub txawj tub ntse thiab neeg mus ncig rov qab los ntawm nyob deb pawg neeg thaj av, nqa iav, ntaub pua plag, txuj lom thiab tshiab kev ntawm kab txawv teb chaws Es Xias. Tag nrho cov no pab mus rau ib tug tag nrho nce nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no muaj ib cov duab ntawm ib tug txiv neej-ib tug tub rog, leej twg hnub no yog lub feem ntau zoo tagnrho cov ntxhais. Txawm li cas los, ntawm no muaj ib co nuances, uas qhia neodnoznanost nws daim duab. Nyob rau hauv ib tes, cov tub rog yog ib tug siab tawv thiab siab tawv warrior, tsa tes rau tus npis sov los mus tiv thaiv lawv lub teb chaws. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws yog heev phem thiab unprincipled - tib txoj kev mus tua cov hordes ntawm siab phem barbarians.

Nws paub tseeb tias yog ib tug "poj niam", rau cov uas nws tiv thaiv. Summing li, peb yuav hais tias ib tug tub rog - ib tug heev muaj teeb meem daim duab, muaj raws ntawm virtues thiab vices.

Lub lig Nrab Hnub nyoog - 14-15 feeb (16th) caug xyoo. n. e.

Western historians xav txog qhov kawg ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog, tus foundations ntawm America los ntawm Columbus (Lub kaum hli ntuj 12, 1492). Lavxias teb sab historians muaj ib tug txawv lub tswv yim - thaum pib ntawm lub kiv puag ncig industrial nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th.

Lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog (lub thib ob lub npe ntawm lub caij ntu) twb tsiag ntawv los ntawm tsim ntawm nroog loj. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj loj-scale neeg pluag uprising - nyob rau hauv lub kawg nws tau los ua ib tug dawb hauv chav kawm ntawv.

Teb chaws Europe tau raug kev txom nyem ib tug loj tsis ntawm lub neej vim tus kab mob plague. Tus kab mob coj ntau lub neej, cov pej xeem ntawm ib co lub zos tau poob los ntawm ib nrab.

Lig Nrab Hnub nyoog - ib lub sij hawm zajlus kom xaus nplua nuj era nyob rau hauv European keeb kwm, uas ntawd kub ntev li txog ib txhiab xyoo.

Puas Xyoo ua tsov ua rog: tus duab ntawm Joan of Arc

Lig Nrab Hnub nyoog - nws yog ib lub teeb meem ntawm ces thiab Fabkis, uas ntawd kub ntev li ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo.

Loj kev tshwm sim, teem lub vector txoj kev loj hlob ntawm teb chaws Europe, yog tus Puas Xyoo 'ua tsov ua rog (1337-1453 gg.). Nws tsis yog ib tug heev tsov kev rog thiab tsis nkaus centenary. Zajlus kom no cov keeb kwm kev tshwm sim hu ua standoff ntawm ces thiab Fabkis, tej zaum kis tau rau hauv ib qho active theem.

Nws tag nrho cov pib nrog ib tug hais tsis sib haum Flanders, thaum tus huab tais ntawm ces pib nteg thov kom cov Fabkis yas. Chiv, zoo nrog tus UK: me me cov neeg pluag detachments ntawm archers yeej lub Fabkis knights. Tab sis, ces ib tug txuj ci tseem ceeb tshwm sim: Joan of Arc yug.

Qhov no slender ntxhais nrog txiv neej hwj tau lub cev yog zoo mannered thiab cov hluas versed nyob rau hauv cov tub rog affairs. Nws muaj kev tswj kom sab ntsuj plig sib sau ua ke rau hauv lub Fabkis thiab lub British mus tua rov qab raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ob yam:

• Nws ua tsaug ntseeg tias qhov no yog tau;
• Nws hu ua rau lub unification ntawm tag nrho cov Fabkis nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm tus yeeb ncuab.

Lub sij hawm ntawm qhov Puas Xyoo 'ua tsov ua rog yog tus yeej ntawm Fabkis, Joan of Arc nkag mus hauv lub keeb kwm raws li ib tug lub teb chaws heroine.

Medieval era twb txheej txheem ntawm muab cov feem ntau ntawm cov European lub teb chaws thiab tsim los ntawm cov European haiv neeg.

lub era ntawm cov kev tshwm sim mus rau lub European civilization

Lub keeb kwm lub sij hawm ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog - ib txhiab xyoo, feem ntau nthuav txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Western civilization. Yog hais tias tus tib neeg tau mus xyuas thawj nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog, thiab ces tsiv mus rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th, nws yuav tau kawm tib lub qhov chaw, li ntawd, tseem ceeb yog cov kev hloov.

Cia peb xub ntsuas lub ntsiab tau ntawm cov Nrab Hnub nyoog:

• lub rov tshwm sim ntawm loj lub zos;
• muab faib rau universities nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe;
• qhov saws me nyuam ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv los ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov European pej xeem;
• scholasticism Avreliya Avgustina thiab Fomy Akvinskogo;
• lub cim kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog - ib tug architecture, ntaub ntawv thiab kos duab;
• kam ntawm Western European lub neej mus rau ib tug tshiab theem ntawm kev loj hlob.

Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog

Lub era ntawm cov Nrab Hnub nyoog - yog feem ntau ib tug yam ntxwv kab lis kev cai. Hauv qab nws yog to taub ib tug broad tswvyim, uas muaj xws li cov intangible thiab tangible kev kawm tau ntawm cov neeg uas era. Cov muaj xws li:

• architecture;
• ntaub ntawv;
• painting.

architecture

Hais tias muaj ntau nto moo European cathedrals tau ua nyob rau hauv no era. Medieval masters tsim architectural delights ntawm ob txog yeej: ib tug Roman thiab Gothic.

Tus thawj originated nyob rau hauv thaj teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv lub 11-13 th centuries. Qhov no architectural sib differed rigor thiab heev. Churches thiab castles nyob rau hauv lub Romanesque style rau hnub no txhawb ib tug nkag siab ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj nti Nrab Hnub nyoog. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws muaj xws li Bamberg Cathedral.

Lub Gothic style tsis tawm leej twg indifferent: subtlety thiab sublimity ntawm lub Gothic vaj tse ntawm surprises.

Lub birthplace ntawm Gothic - Fabkis. Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th pib tshwm rau hauv lub thawj tsev nyob rau hauv no style. Lawv txawv los ntawm elegant mouldings, mus rau lub ntuj, thiab ntau ntau tsuas iav glare.

Lub sophisticated traveler yuav nrhiav tau ntau yam gothic cathedrals thiab lub zos halls nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm Western teb chaws Europe. Txawm li cas los, tsom ntsoov rau cov tseem ceeb:

• Notre Dame;
• Strasbourg Cathedral;
• Cologne Cathedral.

ntaub ntawv

European ntaub ntawv ntawm cov Nrab Hnub nyoog yog ib tug symbiosis ntawm Christian paj huam, ancient thought thiab pej xeem cov epic. Tsis muaj leej twg ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsis muab piv nrog rau cov phau ntawv thiab ballads sau los ntawm medieval sau ntawv.

Ib txhia dab neeg hais txog dab tsi battles muaj nqis! Feem ntau tau ib qho kev nthuav phenomenon: cov neeg muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub loj medieval sib ntaus sib tua (xws li, sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Ganstingse), mej ua sau ntawv: lawv yog cov thawj tim khawv txog cov txheej xwm.

Paub medieval sau phau ntawv yog:

• Aurelius (foom koob hmoov rau) Augustine - leej txiv ntawm scholasticism. Nws tuaj koom lub tswv yim ntawm Vajtswv los ntawm ancient philosophy nyob rau hauv nws "Lub nroog ntawm Vajtswv."
• Dante Alighieri - ib tug ci ntsa iab sawv cev ntawm medieval paj huam. Nws sau tau "Lub Divine Comedy."
• Zhan Maro - prose sau ntawv. Nto moo ua hauj lwm - "Textbook princesses thiab noble tej."

Nrab Hnub nyoog - qhov no yog qhov era ntawm chivalry thiab zoo nkauj cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm lub neej, kev lis kev cai thiab kev cai ntawm cov neeg tau kawm los ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm cov phau ntawv.

painting

Lub zos loj hlob, ua lub koom txoos, ntsig txog, thiab muaj ib tug xav tau rau ornamental dai kom zoo ntawm vaj tse. Thaum xub thawj, qhov no muaj kev txhawj xeeb loj nroog vaj tse, thiab ces tus nplua nuj neeg lub tsev nyob.

Nrab Hnub nyoog - lub sij hawm ntawm tsim ntawm European painting.

Nyob rau nto moo tshaj plaws paintings depicting biblical scenes - Lub Virgin Mary thiab tus me nyuam, tus niam ntiav ntawm Babylon, "Lub Annunciation" thiab thiaj on. Kis triptychs (peb me me duab nyob rau hauv ib qho) thiab diptrihi (ob daim duab nyob rau hauv ib qho). Ntxias pleev xim rau cov phab ntsa hauv lub tsev teev ntuj, lub zos halls, pleev xim rau tsuas iav qhov rais rau lub koom txoos.

Medieval kos duab yog inextricably txuas nrog cov ntseeg Vajtswv thiab kev teev hawm ntawm tus ntxhais nkauj xwb Mary. Masters portrayed nws txawv: tab sis peb yuav hais ib yam - cov duab no amazing.

Nrab Hnub nyoog - lub sij hawm ntawm lub ancient thiab niaj hnub keeb kwm. Nws yog ib qhov era teb cov leem txoj kev rau cov muaj kiv puag ncig thiab cov poj thaj discoveries.