Ntuj qhov chaw ntawm hydrocarbons: general yam ntxwv thiab siv

Nws yog sau tseg hais tias lawm tab hydrocarbons ntau. Feem ntau cov organic tshuaj muab los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso qhov chaw. Thaum lub sij hawm lub synthesis ntawm cov organic tebchaw li raw cov ntaub ntawv no yog siv tej yam ntuj tso thiab nrog gases, thee, lignite, roj shale, peat, cov khoom ntawm tsiaj thiab zaub keeb kwm.

Ntuj qhov chaw ntawm hydrocarbons: tej yam ntuj tso roj cua.

Ntuj gases - ib tug natural sib tov ntawm hydrocarbons ntawm ntau yam qauv thiab ib co gases ntawm impurities (hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide) uas yog lawm ua tus sau nrog pob zeb pob zeb nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab. Cov tebchaw yog tsim los ntawm hydrolysis ntawm cov organic tshuaj ntawm ntau dua depths nyob rau hauv lub thickness ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Lawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub dawb lub xeev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov loj loj pawg - gas, roj condensate thiab roj thiab cov nkev teb.

Lub ntsiab yam ntxwv feem ntawm cov combustible natural gas yog CH4 (methane - 98%), C2H6 (ethane - 4,5%), hluav taws roj zeb (1.7% S3N8-), butane (C4H10 - 0.8%), pentane (0 S5N12- , 6%). Lwm yam roj av roj muaj nyob rau hauv cov roj muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob rau hauv lub neej lub xeev thiab yog tso tawm los ntawm nws vim siab yuav txo tau ntawm lifting cov roj rau ntawm qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv roj thiab roj teb ib tuj ntawm cov roj muaj los ntawm 30 mus rau 300 sq. m roj. Ntuj qhov chaw ntawm hydrocarbons - nqi roj thiab raw cov ntaub ntawv rau organic synthesis kev lag luam. Gas yog txhab khoom mus rau roj ua nroj tsuag, nyob qhov twg lub recyclable (roj, tsawg-kub adsorption, hws, thiab rectification). Nws yog muab faib mus rau hauv nyias muaj nyias ib yam, txhua tus uas yog siv rau tej yam hom phiaj. Piv txwv li, lub methane ua hydrogen, synthesis cov roj, uas yog cov yooj yim raw khoom rau cov lwm hydrocarbons, acetylene, methanol, methanal, chloroform.

Ntuj qhov chaw ntawm hydrocarbons: roj.

Roj - ib tug complex sib tov, uas muaj yeej tseem zoo ntawm naphthenic, paraffinic thiab uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons. Cov roj muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj asphalt-resinous tshuaj, naphthenic acid, mono- thiab disulfides, mercaptans, thiophene, thiophane, hydrogen sulfide, piperidine, pyridine thiab nws homologs, raws li zoo li lwm yam tshuaj. Raws li cov khoom ntawm cov roj refining nrog rau cov kev pab ntawm petrochemical synthesis txoj kev yog tau tshaj 3000 txawv khoom, xws li ethylene, benzene, propylene, ethylene dichloride, yas chloride, styrene, ethanol, isopropanol, butylene, ntau yam yas, hluavtaws fibers, dyes, detergents, tshuaj, foob pob, thiab lwm yam

Ntuj qhov chaw ntawm hydrocarbons peat.

Peat - lub sediment ntawm zaub keeb kwm. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog siv raws li roj (mas rau fais fab nroj tsuag), tshuaj raw cov ntaub ntawv (rau cov synthesis ntawm ntau organic tshuaj), preservative khib rau teb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv nqaij qaib, chiv tivthaiv rau cov vaj zaub thiab cropping.

Ntuj qhov chaw ntawm hydrocarbons: xylem, los yog ntoo.

Xylem - cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm ntau dua cov nroj tsuag, uas dej thiab yaj muab kev pab cuam los ntawm cov keeb kwm mus rau lub nplooj ntawm lub cev, raws li zoo raws li lwm yam kabmob ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Nws muaj ib tug txhav plhaub ntawm hlwb uas muaj ib tug vascular introducer system. Nyob ntawm seb lub hom ntoo nws muaj ntau nqi ntawm pectin tshuaj thiab mineral tebchaw (mas calcium ntsev), lipids thiab qhov tseem ceeb roj. Ntoo siv raws li ib tug roj, nws yuav tsum tsim los ntawm methyl cawv, atsetantnuyu acid, cellulose, thiab lwm yam. Ib txhia hom ntoo muab dyes (sandalwood, logwood), tannins (ntoo qhib), resins thiab balsams (cedar, ntoo thuv, fir), alkaloids (nroj tsuag ntawm tsev neeg Solanaceae, poppy, Ranunculaceae, Umbelliferae). Ib txhia alkaloids yog siv raws li cov tshuaj (chitin, caffeine), herbicides (anabasine), tshuaj tua kab (nicotine).