Oksidiy.Soleobrazuyuschie oxides thiab nesoleobrazuyuschie

Oxides muaj txoj tshuaj, muaj raws ntawm ob ntsiab, ib tug ntawm cov uas - cov pa nyob rau hauv lub thib ob oxidation lub xeev.

Nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj cov ntaub ntawv rau nomenclature oxides ua raws li cov cai nram qab no:

1. Thaum sau ntawv qauv oxygen yog yeej ib txwm muab tso nyob rau hauv lub thib ob qhov chaw - TSIS MUAJ, Cao.
2. Hu oxides, chiv yeej ib txwm siv lo lus oxide, tom qab nws yog nyob rau hauv lub genitive ob lub caij lub npe: Bao - barium oxide, K₂O - poov tshuaj oxide.
3. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv thaum lub caij muab ntau oxides tom qab nws lub npe nyob rau hauv pab pawg qhia cov oxidation lub xeev ntawm lub caij, e.g. N₂O₅ - nitric oxide (V), Fe₂O₃ - hlau oxide (II), Fe₂O₃ - hlau oxide (III).
4. Hu feem ntau oxides tas tsim nyog kev sib raug zoo atoms ib molecule numerals xaiv coj Greek: N₂O - dinitrogen oxide, NO₂ - nitrogen dioxide, N₂O₅ - dinitrogen pentoxide, TSIS MUAJ - nitrogen monoxide.
5. Inorganic acid anhydrides nws yog ntshaw kom hu rau tib txoj kev raws li cov oxides (e.g., N₂O₅ - nitric oxide (V)).

Oxides yuav tau nyob rau hauv ob peb txoj kev sib txawv:

1. Reacting nrog rau oxygen yooj yim tshuaj. Tej yam yooj yim tshuaj yog oxidized nyob rau hauv cov cua kub feem ntau tso cua sov thiab lub teeb. Qhov no yog hu ua burning
   C + O₂ = CO₂
2. Vim lub oxidation ntawm complex tshuaj tau oxides ntawm hais uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov pib cov ntaub ntawv uas:
   2H₂S + 3O₂ = 2 2 H₂O + SO₂
3. decomposition ntawm lub nitrates, hydroxides, carbonates:
   2Cu (NO₃) ₂ = 2CuO + 4NO₂ + O₂
   CaCO₃ = Cao + CO₂
   Cu (OH) ₂ = CuO + H₂O
4. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm oxidation ntawm hlau oxides ntawm lwm yam hais. Zoo ib yam li tshua tau lub hauv paus metallothermy - rov qab los ntawm cov hlau los ntawm lawv cov oxides nrog ib tug ntau yam kom nquag plias hlau:
   2Al + Cr₂O₃ = 2Cr ± Al₂O₃
5. Los ntawm decomposition siab oxides los yog oxidation ntawm lub qis:
   4CrO₃ = 2Cr₂O₃ + 3O₃
   4FeO + O₂ = 2Fe₂O₃
   4CO + O₂ = 2CO₂

Classification raws li oxides ntawm lawv tshuaj zog hais lawv faib mus rau hauv ntsev-txoj kev oxides thiab nesoleobrazuyuschie (tsis muaj ab tsi). Ntsev-txoj kev oxides, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib mus rau hauv acidic, yooj yim thiab amphoteric.

Lub ntsiab oxides sib haum mus rau hauv lub hauv paus. Piv txwv li, Na₂O, Cao, MgO - lub ntsiab yooj oxides, txij li thaum lawv sib haum mus rau lub hauv paus - NaOH, Ca (OH) ₂, Mg (OH) ₂. Ib txhia oxides (K₂O thiab Cao) nkag hnov mob nrog dej thiab tsim cov los luj:

Cao + H₂O = Ca (OH) ₂

K₂O + H₂O = 2KOH

Oxides ntawm Fe₂O₃, CuO, Ag₂O nrog dej tsis hnov mob, tab sis lub acid yog neutralized, uas xam tau tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb:

Fe₂O₃, + 6HCl = 2FeCl₃ + 3H₂OCuO + H₂SO₄ + H₂O

Ag₂O + 2HNO₃ = 2AgNO₃ + H₂O

Raug tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm no hom oxides - lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog acids, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas, raws li ib tug txoj cai, ua dej thiab ntsev:

FeO + 2HCl = FeCl₂ + H₂O

Basic oxides hnov mob kuj nrog acidic oxides:

Cao + CO₂ = CaCO₃.

Acidic oxides sib acids, piv txwv li, oxide N₂O₃ hnov nitric acid HNO₂, Cl₂O₇ - perchloric acid, HClO₄, SO₃ - sulfuric acid H₂SO₄.

Lub ntsiab tshuaj vaj tse xws oxides yog lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog bases tsim ntsev thiab dej:

2NaOH + CO₂ = NaCO₃ + H₂O

Feem ntau cov acidic oxides hnov mob nrog dej, txoj kev ua lub sib nug xov acid. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm SiO₂ oxide yog zoo insoluble nyob rau hauv dej, tab sis nws yuav neutralize puag, yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho acidic oxide:

2NaOH + SiO₂ = (fusion) Na₂siO₃ + H₂O

Amphoteric oxides - oxides yog hais tias nyob rau tej yam kev mob qhia acidic thiab yooj yim zog, i.e., los ntawm reacting nrog acids coj raws li yooj yim oxides, thiab los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog bases - raws li acid.

Tsis yog txhua txhua amphoteric oxides INTERACTIONS Attendance nrog bases thiab acids. Ib txhia muaj ntau pronounced yooj yim zog, lwm leej lwm tus - acidic.

Yog hais tias lub zinc oxide los yog chromium Attendance reacts nrog acids thiab bases, ces tus oxide Fe₂O₃ yooj yim zog predominate.

Cov khoom ntawm amphoteric oxides ZnO yog illustrated nyob rau hauv qhov kev piv txwv:

ZnO + 2HCl = ZnCl₂ + H₂O

ZnO + 2NaOH = Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂O

Nesoleobrazuyuschie oxides tsis tsim yog acids los yog bases (piv txwv li, N₂O, TSIS YOG).

Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tsis muab tshuaj zoo ib yam li cov neeg ntsev-txoj kev oxides. Nesoleobrazuyuschie oxides yuav hnov mob nrog acids los yog alkalies, tab sis tsis tsim khoom uas hais tias yog raug ntsev-txoj kev oxides, xws li 150⁰S thiab 1.5 MPa CO reacts nrog sodium hydroxide tsim tau ib cov ntsev - sodium formate:

CO + NaOH = HCOONa

Nesoleobrazuyuschie oxides rasprostranenіy tsis dav li lwm yam oxides raug tsim, mas uas divalent nonmetals.