Physicist Faraday: biography, qhib

English physicist Maykl Faradey, uas loj hlob nyob rau hauv ib pluag tsev neeg, yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj zaum nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm noob neej. Nws zoo heev ua tau tau nyob rau ntawm ib lub sij hawm thaum science yog ib tug ntau ntawm cov neeg uas yug nyob rau hauv lub privileged tsev neeg. Nyob rau hauv nws yawm, npe hu ua chav tsev ntawm capacitance - farad.

Faraday (physicist): ib tug luv luv biography

Maykl Faradey yug nyob rau lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 22, 1791 nyob rau hauv London, lub UK capital. Nws yog peb tus me nyuam ntawm James thiab Margaret Faraday. Nws txiv yog ib tug kws ntaus hlau, uas yog nyob rau hauv cov neeg pluag noj qab haus huv. Ua ntej sib yuav, nws niam ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug tub txib. Cov tsev neeg nyob hauv cov neeg txom nyem.

13 xyoo Michael tau mus kawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, qhov chaw uas nws tau txais nws thawj hom kev kawm. Yuav kom pab tau cov tsev neeg, nws pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub bookshop tub txib. Mob siab rau me nyuam tub nyiam rau nws chaw ua hauj lwm. Ib xyoo tom qab nws tau nce mus rau apprentice bookbinder.

Binding thiab science

Maykl Faradey xav paub ntau ntxiv txog lub ntiaj teb no; nws tsis yog tag rau lub restoration ntawm cov phau ntawv. Tom qab assiduous hnub ua hauj lwm, nws siv tag nrho nws lub sij hawm dawb nyeem ntawv cov phau ntawv uas nws intertwined.

Maj mam nws nrhiav tau hais tias los ua xav nyob rau hauv science. Nws tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam cov ob phau ntawv:

• "Encyclopedia Britannica" - qhov uas nws paub ntawm hluav taws xob thiab lwm yam uas muaj.
• "Tham rau Science News for KIDS" - 600 nplooj ntawv txog cov Science News for KIDS nyob rau hauv ib tug siv tau narrative authorship Dzheyn Marse.

Nws yog li ntawd fascinated uas nws pib siv ib feem ntawm lawv meager cov nyiaj tau rau cov tshuaj thiab cov khoom kom paub meej tias qhov tseeb ntawm yog dab tsi rau kev nyeem ntawv.

Nthuav lawv paub txog kev, nws hnov hais tias tus naas ej tus paub txog Dzhon Tatum twb yuav muab ib tug series ntawm pej xeem lectures rau tej yam ntuj tso philosophy (physics). Yuav kom tuaj koom lub lectures yuav tsum tau them ib tug nqi ntawm ib tug shilling - heev npaum li cas rau Michael Faraday. Nws tus tij laug, kws ntaus hlau, Vaj kub siab heev los ntawm cov loj hlob rau siab mus rau science, nws kwv nws tij muab nws lub tsim nyog sum.

Kawm paub txog Hamfri Devi

Faraday coj lwm kauj ruam mus rau science thaum William Dance, tsev muag ntawv nyeem neeg nug Michael hais tias nws muaj txoj kev xav tau daim pib mus rau ib tug qhuab qhia ntawm lub Royal Institution.

Lecturer, Sir Hamfri Devi, yog ib tug ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto moo tshaj plaws zaum ntawm lub sij hawm. Faraday dhia nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm thiab mus xyuas plaub lectures rau ntawm ib lub tseeb tej teeb meem ntawm Science News for KIDS - qhov kev txiav txim ntawm acidity. Nws saib lub thwmsim, uas tau ua nyob rau ntawm lub Davy tus lectures.

Nws yog ib lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv uas nws yuav nyob. Faraday coj sau ntawv, thiab ces ua li ntawd ntau riam nyob rau hauv lub sau ntawv uas ua ib tug 300-nplooj ntawv sau, uas nws cov thiab Davy xa ib token ntawm kev ris txiaj.

Thaum lub sij hawm no nyob rau hauv lub rov qab tshav puam ntawm lub tsev muag ntawv nyeem, Michael pib ua ntau sophisticated thwmsim los tsim ib qho hluav taws xob roj teeb ntawm tooj liab npib thiab zinc disks sib cais los ntawm ntub las ntawv. Nws tau siv nws rau degradation ntawm tshuaj, xws li magnesium sulfate. Nyob rau hauv daim teb no ntawm Science News for KIDS Hamfri Devi yog ib tug tho kev.

Nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj 1812 kom tiav kev kawm Faraday, thiab nws pib mus ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug bookbinder rau lwm lub chaw hauj lwm, uas nws pom distasteful.

Tsis cia nws ua tau ib txoj koob hmoov nyob rau hauv disguise

Thiab muaj ib tug zoo siab ntees rau Faraday. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ib tug ua tsis tau tejyam xyaum ua tej yam Hamfri Devi raug mob vim yog: nws mus ib ntus cuam tshuam nws muaj peev xwm sau. Michael twb tau mus rau ib tug ob peb hnub kom cov ntaub ntawv rau Davy, lub tswv yim rau hauv phau ntawv, uas nws twb raug xa.

Thaum lub luv luv lub sij hawm ntawm kev ua hauj lwm twb pab, paub txog Faraday xa ib daim ntawv nug nws mus ntiav ib tug pab cuam. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, ib tug ntawm cov kws kho Davy twb raug rho tawm haujlwm rau ua txhaum, thiab Humphrey nug Michael, tsis nyiam hais tias nws yuav siv sij hawm lub tsis muaj rooj zaum.

Yog hais tias nws xav mus ua hauj lwm rau ntawm lub Royal Institution nrog ib tug ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws zaum nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no? Nws yog ib tug rhetorical lo lus nug.

Careers rau ntawm lub Royal Institute

Faraday coj chaw ua hauj lwm Lub peb hlis ntuj 1, 1813, nyob rau lub hnub nyoog ntawm 21 xyoo.

Nws yog zoo them thiab faib rau nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub nthab chav tsev ntawm lub noob nom noob tswv lub koom haum. Michael yog txaus siab heev, thiab nws cov kev sib raug zoo nrog cov tsev kawm ntawv yuav tsis muaj kev tu ncua rau 54 xyoo, thaum lub sij hawm uas nws tswj los mus ua ib tug xib fwb ntawm Science News for KIDS.

Faraday lub chaw ua hauj lwm yog los npaj cov khoom rau kev sim kawm thiab lectures rau ntawm lub Royal Institution. Chiv, nws tau hais txog nrog cov nitrogen trichloride, ib tug heev uas yog poob plig Davy. Michael, dhau lawm, thaum lub tom ntej no tawg luv luv poob nco qab, thiab thaum Humphrey tau raug mob dua, thwmsim nrog no compound tau lawm sis txiav.

Tom qab 7 lub hlis ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau ntawm lub noob nom noob tswv Institution Davy Faraday nws coj nrog nws nyob ib ncig ntawm cov teb chaws Europe, uas ntawd kub ntev li 18 lub hlis. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no, Michael muaj peev xwm kom tau raws li tus poj scholars xws li Andre-Marie Ampere nyob rau hauv Paris thiab Alessandro Volta nyob rau hauv Milan. Nyob rau hauv ib lub siab, ncig tau hloov nws lub tsev kawm ntawv degree - Faraday kawm tau ntau thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no.

Feem ntau ntawm cov ncig saib, txawm li cas los, nws tsis yog kev zoo siab, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd los tshawb nrhiav thiab secretarial ua hauj lwm yog mus ua hauj lwm Davy thiab nws tus poj niam. Tus poj niam ntawm tus paub txog tsis xav txog nws tus kheej sib npaug zos rau Faraday vim hais tias ntawm nws cov keeb kwm.

Rau nws rov qab mus rau London, txhua yam poob rau hauv qhov chaw. Muaj koob muaj npe koom haum resumed Michael daim ntawv cog lus thiab muaj zog nws nqi zog. Davy txawm pib hais nws pab nyob rau hauv scientific ntaub ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv 1816, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 24, Faraday muab nws thawj qhuab qhia txog cov khoom ntawm qhov teeb meem. Nws twb muaj nyob rau hauv lub nroog Philosophical Society. Ces nyob rau hauv lub "txhuab peb lub hlis scientific phau ntawv journal", nws luam tawm nws thawj scientific daim ntawv rau tus tsom xam ntawm calcium hydroxide.

Nyob rau hauv 1821, nyob rau lub hnub nyoog ntawm 29 xyoo Faraday twb nce mus rau lub taub hau ntawm lub teb thiab lub laboratory ntawm lub noob nom noob tswv lub koom haum. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo nws yuav Sarah Barnard. Michael thiab nws tus poj niam nyob rau hauv lub koom haum feem ntau ntawm cov tom ntej no 46 xyoo, nws yog tsis nyob rau hauv lub nthab thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug xis chav tsev uas tau ib zaug nyob los ntawm cov Hamfri Devi.

Nyob rau hauv 1824 biography ntawm Faraday (physics) twb cim los ntawm nws kev xaiv tsa raws li ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub Royal Society. Nws yog ib tug paub txog qhov tseeb hais tias nws yog ib tug tseem ceeb kws.

Nyob rau hauv 1825 Faraday physicist los ua tus thawj coj ntawm cov kev kuaj.

Nyob rau hauv Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1833 nws los ua ib tug Fuller xib fwb ntawm Science News for KIDS ntawm lub noob nom noob tswv Institution ntawm Great teb chaws Aas Kiv. Faraday, ib txoj hauj lwm nws tuav kom txog rau thaum nws tuag.

Nyob rau hauv 1848 thiab 1858 nws twb nug rau lub taub hau lub noob nom noob tswv Society, tab sis nws tsis kam.

scientific tau

Yuav kom piav qhia txog lub foundations ntawm Faraday nyob rau hauv physics, yuav tsum tau ntau tshaj li ib phau ntawv. Tsis los ntawm lub caij Albert Eynshteyn nyob rau hauv nws chaw ua hauj lwm khaws cia rau hauv cov duab tsuas yog peb tshawb fawb: Isaaka Nyutona, James Maxwell thiab Michael Faraday.

Oddly txaus, txawm hais tias thaum lub sij hawm lub neej ntawm tus paub txog pib siv lo lus "physics", nws nws tus kheej tsis nyiam nws, thiab nws yeej ib txwm hu ua nws tus kheej ib tug philosopher. Faraday yog ib tug txiv neej, uas mus rau discoveries ntawm thwmsim, thiab nws twb paub hais tias nws tsis tau renounced lub tswv yim uas tuaj ua tsaug rau scientific qhov.

Yog hais tias nws xav hais tias lub tswv yim yog nws muaj nqis, nws tseem xyaum ua tej yam, txawm ntau setbacks, nws twb tsis tau mus txog cov kev tsim los yog tseem tsis tau ntseeg hais tias Niam Xwm muaj proven nws tsis ncaj ncees lawm, uas tshwm sim heev tsis tshua muaj.

Yog li ntawd Faraday sab nyob rau hauv physics? Ntawm no yog ib co ntawm nws feem ntau notable achievements.

1821: foundations ntawm electromagnetic kev sib hloov

Nws yog ib tug harbinger ntawm dab tsi nws thiaj li coj mus rau lub creation ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob motor. Qhib tau raws li nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb xav ntawm Oersted magnetic thaj chaw ntawm nyob ntawm tej los ntawm kev uas hluav taws xob tam sim no ntws.

1823: gas liquefaction thiab tub yees

Nyob rau hauv 1802, Dzhon Dalton tswv yim hais tias tag nrho cov gases yuav liquefied thaum uas tsis muaj kub los yog siab pressures. Physicist Faraday muaj pov thawj nws empirically. Nws xub muab tshuaj thiab ammonia nyob rau hauv cov kua.

Kua ammonia yog tseem xav nyob rau hauv lub fact tias, raws li sau tseg los ntawm Maykl Faradey, lub physics ntawm nws cov evaporation ua cua txias. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm txias los ntawm evaporation dag tau laj mej pej xeem pom hais tias nws los ntawm William Cullen Edinburgh 1756 nyob rau hauv Lub Scientific nrog ib tug twj tso kua mis txo qis lub siab nyob rau hauv lub hwj uas muaj ether, uas tau nyob rau hauv nws sai evaporation. Qhov no tshwm sim los ntawm cua txias, thiab nyob rau sab nraum lub hwj los ntawm atmospheric dej tsim dej khov.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus qhib ntawm lub Faraday yog tias tus neeg kho tshuab twj yuav hloov roj ua kua ntawm chav tsev kub. Ces qhuav lub kua, txias tag nrho cov nyob ib ncig ntawm, cov ua gas yuav tau sau thiab compressed los ntawm ib tug twj tso kua mis mus rau hauv ib lub kua dua, rov qab ua dua lub voj voog. Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas niaj hnub tub yees thiab yees khov nab kuab khiav.

Nyob rau hauv 1862 nyob rau lub ntiaj teb no Exhibition nyob rau hauv London, Ferdinand Carré pom lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj coj mus muag tshuab rau zus tau tej cov dej khov. Nyob rau hauv lub tshuab li lub txias kua ammonia yog siv, thiab nws ua dej khov ntawm tus nqi ntawm 200 kg ib teev.

1825: foundations ntawm benzene

Keeb kwm, uas benzene tau ua ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tshuaj nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS, nyob rau hauv ib cov tswv yim kev nkag siab, xws li nws yog siv los tsim cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, thiab theoretical - .. Kev nkag siab txog cov tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus. Tus paub txog sab benzene nyob rau hauv ib tug oily residue nkev ntau lawm rau teeb pom kev zoo nyob rau hauv London.

1831: Faraday txoj cai, mis, physics ntawm electromagnetic induction

Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev foundations rau lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm science thiab technology. Faraday tus Law (Physics) hais tias lub alternating magnetic teb induces ib tug hluav taws xob tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub Circuit Court, thiab cov generated electromotive quab yuam yog ncaj qha xwm yeem mus rau tus nqi ntawm kev hloov ntawm magnetic flux. Ib qho ntawm nws tau nkag | E | = | dΦ / dt |, qhov twg E - EMF thiab F - flux.

Piv txwv li, mus raws ib tug horseshoe magnet hlau ua ib qhov hluav taws xob tam sim no, txij li thaum lub zog ntawm cov hlau nplaum ua rau lub magnetic alternating teb. Qhov no ua ntej lub xwb qhov ntawm lub hwj chim yog lub roj teeb. Maykl Faradey, qhib nyob rau hauv uas physicists pom tau hais tias lub zog muaj peev xwm yuav hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv hluav taws xob, los yog, nyob rau hauv ntau scientific ntsiab lus uas, cov kinetic zog yuav hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv hluav taws xob lub zog, yog li privy mus rau lub fact tias feem ntau ntawm lub zog nyob rau hauv peb lub tsev hnub no yog ua los cia li rau qhov no hauv paus ntsiab lus.

Kev sib hloov (kinetic zog) yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv hluav taws xob los ntawm kev siv electromagnetic induction. Ib tug kev sib hloov, nyob rau hauv lem, yog tau ua los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm high-siab zog turbine generated zog ntawm thee, roj los yog atoms, los yog cov dej siab nyob rau hauv lub pas los yog cua siab nyob rau hauv lub cua fais fab nroj tsuag.

1834: cov kev cai ntawm electrolysis

Faraday physicist ua ib tug loj pab mus rau lub creation ntawm ib tug tshiab kev kawm ntawm electrochemistry. Nws piav txog dab tsi tshwm sim rau tus ciaj ciam ntawm lub electrode seem nrog ionized teeb meem. Tsaug rau Electrochemistry peb siv lithium-ion roj teeb thiab roj teeb, pub niaj hnub mobile technology. Faraday kev cai yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau peb to taub ntawm electrode tshua.

1836: lub invention lub shielded chamber

Physicist Faraday nrhiav tau hais tias thaum ib tug hluav taws xob neeg xyuas pib yog them, tej tshaj xwb accumulates nyob rau hauv tus txheej sab ntawd. Qhov no txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv lub chav tsev los yog tawb ua los ntawm ib tug hlau, ib qho ntxiv xwb tsis tshwm sim. Piv txwv li, ib tug neeg hnav ib ce Faraday, t. E. Muaj ib tug hlau hauv ob sab phlu, tsis raug lwm hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus tiv thaiv cov neeg Faraday tawb yuav siv tau rau hluav taws xob los yog electrochemical thwmsim rhiab mus rau sab nraud cuam. Kuaj chamber kuj yuav tsim tuag aav rau mobile sib txuas lus.

1845 qhib ntawm lub Faraday nyhuv - Magneto-kho qhov muag nyhuv

Ib qho tseem ceeb xyaum ua tej yam nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm science yog ib qho kev rau cov thawj lub sij hawm muaj pov thawj qhov kev twb kev txuas ntawm electromagnetism thiab lub teeb, uas nyob rau hauv 1864 tau raug siab piav los ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm James Clerk Maxwell. Physicist Faraday pom hais tias lub teeb yog ib qho electromagnetic yoj ntawm "Thaum opposite magnetic tug yog nyob rau tib sab, nws muaj ib cov nyhuv rau polarized lub teeb, uas yog li tsim kev twb kev txuas ntawm lub magnetic quab yuam thiab lub teeb ...

1845 foundations ntawm diamagnetism li thaj chaw ntawm tag nrho cov teeb meem

Feem ntau cov neeg paub txog ferromagnetism nyob rau hauv qhov piv txwv ntawm cov pa hlau nplaum. Faraday (physicist) nrhiav tau hais tias tag nrho cov tshuaj yog diamagnetic - feem ntau ntawm lawv me ntsis, tab sis tseem muaj muaj zog. Diamagnetism yog opposite rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib nqus teb. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj tso lub sab qaum teb ncej muaj xav diamagnetic khoom, nws yuav tsum yog ib tug pib. Diamagnetism nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntxias los ntawm muaj zog heev niaj hnub hlau nplaum yuav siv tau mus cuag levitation. Txawm nyob creatures xws li qav, yog diamagnetic thiab yuav yuj nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj zog sib nqus teb.

kawg

Maykl Faradey, lub physicist uas nws discoveries revolutionized cov kev kawm, tuag nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj 25, 1867 nyob rau hauv London thaum lub hnub nyoog ntawm 75 xyoo. Nws tus poj niam Sarah nyob ntev. Qhov ob peb twb tsis muaj cov me nyuam. Thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej nws yog ib tug devout Christian thiab koom mus rau ib tug me me Protestant sect sandemaniantsev.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub neej Faraday raug caw mus rau lub ntees tuag nyob rau hauv Westminster Abbey nrog cov vaj ntxwv thiab niam vaj ntxwv ntawm Great teb chaws Aas Kiv thiab zaum zoo li Isaac Newton. Nws twb tsis kam rau ib tug ntau coj tus ceremony. Nws lub qhov ntxa, uas yog tseem faus Sarah, muaj nyob rau ntawm Highgate Tojntxas nyob hauv London.