Piv txwv ntawm lub kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Russia thiab Fabkis

Kiv puag ncig raws li ib txoj kev los cuam tshuam rau qhov siv hloov nyob rau hauv lub uas twb muaj lawm kev txiav txim, pib agitate lub minds ntawm uas los ntawm lub kawg ntawm lub XVIII caug xyoo. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, lub ntsiab kiv puag ncig hu ua zoo, cim cov kev hloov los ntawm monarchical mus rau ib tug Republican daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv. Qhov no txoj kev ntawm ib tug coup yog txuam nrog heev heev cov neeg raug. Tag nrho cov paub cov piv txwv ntawm kiv puag ncig - ib tug tragic ib feem ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm txhua lub teb chaws. Cia peb kawm cov feem ntau nrov upheavals thiab sim teb cov lus nug, seb puas los yog tsis nyob rau hauv vain yog txoj kev tuag ntawm cov neeg uas tau muab lawv lub neej rau ib lub tswv yim.

Kiv puag ncig: ib tug txhais

Ua ntej peb yuav los txhais tau lub sij hawm "kiv puag ncig", nws tsis yog lub transformation thiab siv hloov, yus muaj los ntawm transience. Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, cov tswvyim no tsis yog tsuas rau keeb kwm. Muaj ib tug kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv science (rau tej qhov tseem ceeb tshaj foundations) nyob rau hauv cov xwm (ceev hloov tej chaw, ntau zaus, geological), nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo kev loj hlob (muaj thiab kev cai kiv puag ncig).

Nws yog tsim nyog los paub qhov txawv no los ntawm cov kev tshwm sim zoo sib xws tab sis ntau hom kev kawm thiab cov ntsiab lus uas. Yog li, lub sij hawm "evolution" txhais tau tias ib tug gradual, heev qeeb hloov. Me ntsis sai cov kho kom zoo, tab sis nws yog devoid ntawm cov nyhuv uas xob ceev, thiab cov kev hloov tsis zoo li ntawd.

Nws yog tsim nyog los paub qhov txawv ntawm cov nqe lus "kiv puag ncig" thiab "coup d'état". Etymologically, lawv yog hais txog, vim hais tias revolutio txhais los ntawm Latin thiab txhais tau tias "ib tug coup." Txawm li cas los, lub tswvyim ntawm kiv puag ncig yog vastly, nws koom rau cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov yam ntawm lub neej kev, thaum lub coup, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb - nws tsuas yog ib tug kev hloov ntawm tsoom fwv ib tug kav mus rau lwm lub.

Cov ua rau lub revolutions

Yog vim li cas yog muaj tus revolutionary zog? Vim li cas cov neeg kom tau muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug tragic kev tshwm sim, nqa txhiab ntawm lub neej? Yog vim li cas yog dictated los ntawm ntau yam tseem ceeb:

1. Dissatisfaction nrog lub bureaucracy thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb poob nyob rau hauv nyiaj txiag ntws. Tawm tsam ib tug keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm nyiaj txiag poob.
2. Internal cov neeg tseem ceeb sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lawv tus kheej. Nws tshwm sim hais tias lub siab strata ntawm cov haiv neeg - heev kaw qauv, tej zaum faib hwj chim. Qhov no nriaj yuav ua nyob rau hauv ib tug tiag tiag riot, Yog hais tias ib yam ntawm cov elites rau yeej kev pab los ntawm cov neeg.
3. Lub revolutionary mobilization. Social unrest tshwm sim los ntawm discontent nrog tag nrho cov mus kev ntawm lub neej - los ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb mus rau lub heev hauv qab.
4. Ideology. Nws yuav tsum tau kev txhawb los ntawm tej kiv puag ncig, muaj twv rau kev vam meej. pej xeem yuav sawv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm kev cai dab qhuas tej lus qhuab qhia los yog lwm tus. General yuav tsum yog ib tug nriaj tiv thaiv kev tsis ncaj ncees ua phem los ntawm cov tam sim no tsoom fwv thiab cov kevcai tswj.
5. Qhov zoo puab nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws txoj cai. Allied lub teb chaws tsis kam txais yuav thiab txhawb cov uas twb muaj lawm lub hwj chim.

Yog li, muaj cov cov tsib ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug kiv puag ncig yuav muab suav hais tias ib tug zoo. Piv txwv revolutions kom nws ntshiab uas yog tsis ib txwm complied nrog tag nrho tsib ntsiab lus, tiam sis feem ntau muab qhov chaw nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug nrov heev nthe ib puag ncig.

Meej ntawm Lavxias teb sab revolutions

Hloov nyob rau hauv lub kev txiav txim economic yus muaj los ntawm ntau States. Piv txwv ntawm lub kiv puag ncig mus nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua txhua European chaws, nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States. Txawm li cas los, nws yeej coj zoo li no tragic txim, raws li nyob rau hauv Russia. Ntawm no, txhua txhua Lavxias teb sab kiv puag ncig yuav tsum tsis tau tsuas yog lub xeev system, tab sis kuj lub teb chaws nws tus kheej. Yuav ua li cas yog vim li cas?

Firstly, tshwj xeeb kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov xaab siab ntaiv. Nruab nrab ntawm lawv muaj tsis muaj "coupling", lub hwj chim tseem ceeb thiab muaj yog kiag li cais los ntawm cov neeg. Li no - dhau ntev economic fais fab yuav tsum rau qhov qis dua chav kawm ntawv, feem ntau ntawm cov uas nyob rau hauv qab no qhov kev txom nyem txoj kab. Qhov teeb meem yog tsis nyob rau hauv ntev greed ntawm ntau dua khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, thiab nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau lw lub neej ntawm lub "hauv qab" vim peb yog neeg txhaum tswj apparatus. Tag nrho cov no coj mus rau lub fact tias cov "saum toj" ntawm lub hwj chim tsim nyog los kov yeej cov neeg los ntawm kev quab yuam.

Ob, cov advanced txawj ntse, kev coj tus kheej ib tug revolutionary lub tswv yim hais tom ntej ntaus ib yam nkaus thiab utopian vim tsis txaus tswj kev.

Koj yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account lub peculiarities ntawm mentality ntawm Lavxias teb sab tib neeg muaj peev xwm tso oppression rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, thiab ces ib txhij "tawg."

Tag nrho cov nta thiab ua ib tug springboard tsim Bolshevism, uas tau coj lub Lavxias teb sab kiv puag ncig.

1905: thawj kiv puag ncig

Tus thawj kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Russia tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1905. Nws tsis yog heev ceev ceev, vim hais tias tsuas twb nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 1907.

Lub nkag tau yog cov txo nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag thiab kev lag luam, qoob loo tsis ua hauj lwm, cov sau pej xeem nuj nqis rau ib tug enormous loj (nyob rau hauv no liam ua tsov ua rog nrog qaib ntxhw). Thoob plaws yuav tsum kho kom zoo: los ntawm lub koom haum saib xyuas nyob rau hauv cov av ua ntej ua tej kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub xeev system. Tom qab lub abolition ntawm serfdom kev lag luam tswj system yuav tsum tau ua. Neeg pluag zog yog tsis zoo siab, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tseem yog ib tug kev sib nrig sib luag hauj lwm, lub zej zog av thiab lub qhov yuav txo tau nyob rau hauv Holdings.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias 1905 kiv puag ncig muaj ib tug zoo lwm cov nyiaj pab: nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm lub tsov rog nrog Nyiv tshaj tawm sponsors ntawm kev ua phem thiab revolutionary cov koom haum.

Qhov no ntxeev siab kis mus rau tag nrho cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm Lavxias teb sab zej zog - los ntawm lub peasantry mus rau lub intelligentsia. Kiv puag ncig yog tsim los txiav tawm tej remnants ntawm lub feudal serf system, thos autocracy.

Tau ntawm Revolution, 1905-1907

Tu siab, lub 1905 kiv puag ncig twb crushed, nws nkag mus hauv raws li ib tug ntawm daim tw tshev nyob rau hauv lub annals ntawm keeb kwm, txawm li cas los, nws tau coj mus rau kev hloov tseem ceeb:

1. Nws muab impetus mus rau lub Lavxias teb sab parliamentarism: tsoom fwv lub cev yog tsim los pab.
2. huab tais lub hwj chim yog tas los ntawm lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub xeev Duma.
3. Raws li cov manifesto ntawm Lub kaum hli ntuj 17 yog pej xeem ntawm kev ywj pheej ywj siab.
4. Txoj hauj lwm thiab hauj lwm tej yam kev mob uas tau hloov rau lub zoo dua.
5. Farmers tau ua tsawg khi rau lawv cov av.

Lub ob hlis ntuj kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv 1917

Lub ob hlis ntuj kiv puag ncig ntawm 1917 yog ib tug continuation ntawm tus txheej xwm ntawm 1905-1907. Nyob rau hauv autocracy tag kev cia siab tsis tau tsuas yog qis khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg (neeg ua hauj lwm, teb), tab sis bourgeoisie. Cov sentiments muaj ho aggravated lub imperialist tsov rog.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub coup nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug thiab pej xeem cov thawj coj los yog niaj pauv tseem ceeb. qhov xwm ntawm lub kiv puag ncig ntawm 1917 yog ib tug bourgeois-kev ywj pheej. Tab sis yog nws ib tug tshwj xeeb yog leejtwg tiag. Yog hais tias peb coj cov piv txwv ntawm lub tib lub kiv puag ncig kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv cov European lub teb chaws, peb pom hais tias tus tsav tsheb quab yuam qab lawv twb ua hauj lwm, thiab mus rhuav lub monarchy, lub yav dhau los capitalist kev sib raug zoo (lawv pib tsim tsis ntev tom qab lub xeev kev hloov). Thiab lub cav hauj lwm, tab sis lub hwj chim mus rau lub bourgeoisie.

Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws yog tsis yog cov ntaub: nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub nruab nrab tsoom fwv, uas twb mus los ntawm cov neeg ntawm sab qaum chav kawm ntawv ntawm lub bourgeoisie, muaj ib tug lwm txoj tsoom fwv - Lub tswv yim, tsim los ntawm ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab peasants. Qhov no dual lub hwj huam muaj kom txog thaum lub kaum hli ntuj tej xwm txheej.

Lub ntsiab ntawm cov kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj 1917 yog lub ntes ntawm muaj koob muaj npe tsev neeg thiab cov overthrow ntawm lub autocracy.

Lub kaum hli ntuj kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv 1917,

Piv txwv ntawm lub kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Russia yog hau, ntawm chav kawm, lub Great Lub kaum hli ntuj Socialist kiv puag ncig. Nws radically muab lub hom keeb kwm tsis tsuas yog ntawm Russia tab sis kuj thoob ntiaj teb. Tom qab tag nrho, ib qho ntawm nws tau - ib txoj kev tawm ntawm lub imperialist tsov rog.

Lub essence ntawm lub kiv puag ncig-kiv puag ncig yog cov nram no: nws twb txav Daim Ntawv Government, thiab lub hwj chim hauv lub teb chaws dhau mus rau lub Bolsheviks thiab sab laug SRS. Coj coup yog V. I. Lenin.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, muaj ib tug redistribution ntawm nom tswv rog: lub zoo tshaj plaws hwj chim ntawm tus proletariat tau ua, lub tebchaws tau muab rau cov peasants, thiab cov factories nyob rau hauv hauj lwm tswj. Muaj ib tug tu siab, sib hlub ua neej sij hawm ntawm lub kiv puag ncig - lub civil tsov rog, muab faib cov haiv neeg mus rau hauv ob hostile fronts.

Lub revolutionary zog nyob rau hauv Fabkis

Raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, nyob rau hauv Fabkis, lub zog rau lub overthrow ntawm lub autocracy muaj ob peb theem, lub teb chaws txawm los ntawm nws zoo revolutions. Tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv nws cov keeb kwm muaj 4. Lub zog pib nyob rau hauv 1789 nrog rau cov Fabkis kiv puag ncig.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntawm no lub kiv puag ncig ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv overthrowing lub meej monarchy thiab tsim kom muaj cov Thawj koom pheej. Txawm li cas los, nws sawv raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub revolutionary neeg ua phem Jacobin dictatorship yuav tsis kav ntev. Nws lub hwj chim tshaj lwm coup nyob rau hauv 1794.

Kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj xyoo 1830, uas hu ua tus "peb glorious hnub." Nws tsim lub reign of lub mas Louis-monarchy of Philippe kuv, «King-pej xeem", uas thaum kawg abolished lub irrevocable sab xis ntawm lub huab tais rau qhov saws me nyuam ntawm cov kev cai.

Cov kiv puag ncig ntawm 1848 tsim lub Ob txhais koom pheej. Nws tshwm sim vim hais tias Louis Philippe kuv maj pib txav mus deb ntawm tus thawj mas kev ntseeg. Nws abdicates. Cov kiv puag ncig ntawm 1848 ua rau nws tau los tuav kev ywj pheej xaiv tsa nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv uas cov neeg (xws li neeg ua hauj lwm thiab lwm yam "qis" strata ntawm cov haiv neeg) xaiv Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, tub ntawm tus naas ej huab tais.

Peb koom pheej uas muab tso rau ib tug kawg mus ib txhis rau lub monarchical txoj kev ntawm lub neej ntawm zej zog, tsim nyob rau hauv Fabkis nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 1870. Tom qab ib tug ntev reign ntsoog Napoleon III txiav txim siab nyoo (yog hais tias muaj ib tug tsov rog nrog Prussia). Taws teb chaws tuas kev xaiv tsa urgently. Fais fab kis qho ntawm cov monarchists mus rau lub Republicans, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1871 lub Fabkis PatientsÕ ua ib tug thawj tswj koom pheej uas ib tug ncha raug xaiv tswv xeev nyob rau hauv hwj chim 3 xyoo. Lub teb chaws no muaj kom txog thaum 1940.