Qhov loj tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab cosmodrome. Lavxias teb sab spaceports

Niaj hnub nimno Lavxias teb sab spaceports yog tej yam khoom uas ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv science, kev lagluam, socio-thoj, kev cai sib txuas lus nyob ntau ntau ntau. Nyob rau hauv Russia, muaj yog ob yam tib si uas twb muaj lawm thiab nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho los. Qhov twg lub Lavxias teb sab chaw community launch? Yuav ua li cas yog cov npe ntawm cov khoom lawv yog tam sim no hais?

Yuav ua li cas yog spaceports nyob rau hauv Russia?

"Baikonur", "Plesetsk", "Kapustin Yar", "Clear", "Dawb" thiab nyob rau hauv "East" - ib tug niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab spaceports. Daim ntawv teev cov coj kwv, ntawm chav kawm, yuav tau tom - nyob ntawm seb yuav ua li cas lub infrastructure yuav muab faib actuated nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm Lavxias teb sab chaw kev pab cuam. Nws yog tau hais tias vim yog lub loj cheeb tsam ntawm ntau yam qhov chaw zov me nyuam, raws li zoo raws li lub complexity ntawm cov paub tab yuav tsum tau daws tau los ntawm lawv, yuav qhib lub tshiab tas, kaw tam sim no thiab thauj mus rau lwm qhov chaw. Tab sis, thaum lub caij Lavxias teb sab spaceports raws li sau tseg saum toj no, yuav feem ntau yuav ntshai li sufficiently tsim system ntawm cov daim ntawv thov khoom. Cia peb tam sim no xav txog lub specifics ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv kom meej.

"Baikonur" - lub ntsiab spaceport nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab chaw Program

"Baikonur" - lub cosmodrome, uas tsis yog Russia thiab Kazakhstan, lub Lavxias teb sab Federation tab sis nws yog yuav luag ib tus neeg siv. Nws lub ntsiab tswv - RSC "Energia", Central tsim Bureau "Progress", Khrunichev. M. V. Hrunicheva Space Center «South». "Baikonur" ua tau nyob rau hauv 1955. Qhov no kwv yog npaum li cas los lub Lavxias teb sab tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Kazakhstan nyob rau hauv tus nqi xauj tsev rau 50 xyoo. Tus nqi ntawm lub spaceport yog hais txog 5 billion rubles ib xyoos - .. 3.5 billion yog, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, rents, 1.5 billion -. Cov nyiaj faib kom muaj lub efficiency ntawm lub RF infrastructure.

Baikonur, nyob rau hauv kev phem ntawm lub kev cai lij choj koom nrog Kazakhstan, feeb saib raws li ib tug Lavxias teb sab spaceport. Nws yog lub npe hu rau lub fact tias nws twb launched los ntawm cov thawj satellite ntawm lub ntiaj teb, cov thawj manned spacecraft, ntau yam kev satellites, ballistic cuaj luaj. Baikonur yog tam sim no tus loj tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov chaw ntawm lub hom uas siv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab chaw kev lag luam. Nws tag nrho cheeb tsam - txog 6717 square meters. km. Nyob rau hauv ob peb xyoos dhau lub Baikonur Russia - lub ntiaj teb no cov thawj coj nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm launches.

cosmodrome "Baikonur" Infrastructure

"Baikonur" Infrastructure sawv cev, nyob rau hauv particular xws khoom:

- 9 starting ceg ntawm txawv pawg;

- 15 launchers npaj rau missile community launch, deducing nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ships thiab satellites;

- 4 launchers siv rau kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm ballistic cuaj luaj;

- 11 housings, npaj rau installation thiab kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov khoom rau ntau lub hom phiaj;

- Complex 34 nruj heev heev rau prelaunch cuaj luaj thiab tso zis rau lawv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw rau ntau lub hom phiaj;

- chaw nres tsheb 3, nyob rau hauv uas lub ntxiv rockets thiab lwm yam spacecraft txawv fuels;

- lub ntsuas ntau yam;

- Cov ntaub ntawv thiab xam Center, nyob rau hauv uas cov kev tswj thiab cov kev tswj ntawm qhov chaw tshaj tawm txoj moo thiab ua ntau hom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv;

- oxygen-nitrogen ntau lawm chaw, tau tsim txog 300 tons ntawm ntau hom ntawm cryogenic khoom thaum lub sij hawm lub hnub;

- CHP peev xwm ntawm 60 MW;

- 72 MW hwj chim tsheb ciav hlau operable rau roj turbines;

- transformer substations ntawm 600 khoom;

- kev sib txuas ntshav nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm 92 units;

- airfields - "huab" thiab "Jubilee";

- lub zos railway infrastructure yog ib tug tag nrho ntev ntawm txog 470 km;

- txoj kev infrastructure ntev txog 1281 km;

- hwj chim kav nyob rau hauv lub 6610 km, kev twb kev txuas - mus 2784 km.

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws cosmodrome, lub muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab chaw kev pab cuam, yuav los xyuas txog cov specifics ntawm cov lwm cov chaw ntawm cov hom uas khiav lag luam nyob rau hauv Russia.

"Kapustin Yar"

"Kapustin Yar" Muaj ntau soj ntsuam ntawm yuav tsum ntshai ntau raws li ib tug tub rog hauv av. Tab sis nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev uas nws yuav suav hais tias lub spaceport thiab, saum toj no tag nrho vim lub fact tias lub xeem launches ntawm ballistic cuaj luaj ua los ntawm nws - nrog warheads uas tso tawm kom pom nyob rau hauv lub qhib qhov chaw. "Kapustin Yar" ua tau nyob rau hauv 1946.

Lavxias teb sab cosmodrome nyob feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub Astrakhan cheeb tsam, tab sis ib txhia chaw yog ib feem ntawm Atyrau, Kazakhstan thiab West Kazakhstan cheeb tsam. Nws tag nrho cheeb tsam - txog 650 square meters. km. Qhov no community launch site muaj nws tus kheej kev tswj chaw - lub nroog ntawm Znamensk. Nyob ze cov tub rog airfield yog nyob rau ntawm nws.

"Clear"

Cosmodrome "Clear" kws txawj feem ntau tau ua ib tug oob khab database - tab sis rau missiles, dua, npaj rau yug me nyuam nyob rau hauv qhib chaw. Mob siab siv txij li thaum 2006. Nyob no tus tshiab cosmodrome nyob rau hauv Russia, Yasnenskom cheeb tsam uas yog nyob rau hauv lub Orenburg thaj av ntawd.

Lub ntsiab neeg teb xov tooj ntawm cov kwv yog pom tias yuav ua tau ib tug thoob ntiaj teb li "Kosmotras". Lub infrastructure ntawm lub cosmodrome yog tsuas yog siv rau pav tua ya mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb orbit ntau satellites. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm kom daws tau qhov tseem ceeb cov teeb meem feem ntau foob pob ua ntxaij "Dnepr" siv Lavxias teb sab-Ukrainian ntau lawm.

"Plesetsk"

Lub northernmost cosmodrome Russia - "Plesetsk". Nyob kwv yees li 180 km ntawm Arkhangelsk - sab qab teb ntawm lub nroog. Khoom cheeb tsam yog kwv yees li 176,2 hectares. Nws pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv 1966 raws li ib tug cosmodrome "Plesetsk" ntawm lub xyoo. Txij li thaum nws muaj peev xwm yuav nqa tawm missile launches teej tug mus rau lub tsev neeg ntawm P-7 thiab lwm tus neeg uas zoo sib xws rau cov hoob.

Lub northernmost cosmodrome Russia, raws li sau tseg los ntawm ib co tshuaj ntsuam, muaj ib cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov nqa nrog nws launches mus rau hauv qhov chaw.

"Dawb"

Cosmodrome "Free" yog nyob rau hauv lub Amur cheeb tsam. Nws ua txij li thaum 1996. Qhov no Lavxias teb sab community launch kawm ntawv muaj ib qho cheeb tsam 410 sq. km, thiab muaj lub infrastructure tso rockets thiab lub teeb nruab nrab hauv chav kawm ntawv. Ib tug interesting tseeb yog tias qhov kev siv ntawm cov "Dawb" yog chiv raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Soviet Union lub ntsiab Soviet cosmodrome "Baikonur" yog sab nraum ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation, thiab lub hau ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab chaw kev pab cuam tau txiav txim siab hais tias lub xeev yuav tsum tau nws tus kheej kwv uas qhov tsim nyog lo lus uas peb. Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, thaum lub sij hawm lub feem ntau easterly cosmodrome Russia tom qab pib ntawm lub lag luam kev koom tes, nyob rau hauv particular, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav sim launches ntawm ballistic cuaj luaj - xws li lub "Topol". Tam sim no, yuav luag tsis siv nquag, qhov no yog kev lom zem ntau vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv lub Far East, yog lub tsev ib tug tshiab chaw - lub cosmodrome "East". Xav txog, nyob rau hauv lem, yog qhov yooj yim cov lus qhia txog nws.

"Eastern"

Qhov no yog qhov newest thiab feem ntau sab hnub tuaj Lavxias teb sab cosmodrome. Nws pib tsim nyob rau hauv 2010. Nws yuav tsum tau nyob, los ntawm txoj kev, tsis deb ntawm "free", uas yog yuav tsum tau disbanded vim lub installation ntawm yooj yim infrastructure yog twb nyob rau hauv lub "East" thiab lub tom ntej optimization ntawm logistics mus rau lub specifics ntawm tus tshiab chaw.

Nws yog xam hais tias cov easternmost Lavxias teb sab cosmodrome siv yuav siv sij hawm ib tug cheeb tsam ntawm txog 1035 square meters. km. Nws tsim yog npaj nyob rau hauv qab no tseem ceeb txoj kev sib tw: lub tshaaj ntawm Russia tus kheej spaceport, nruj heev heev khiav tag nrho cov hom ntawm cuaj luaj, txoj kev ntxiv pulses ntawm intensive kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab Far Eastern cheeb tsam. Qhov no cheeb tsam yog muab tshwj xeeb xim nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm socio-economic cov kev pab cuam, thiab kev tsim kho ntawm cov chaw yog xam raws li ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj rau kev vam meej kev siv ntawm cov thawj kauj ruam.

"East" - Lavxias teb sab cosmodrome, uas muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm zoo, nyob rau hauv particular, mus rau lub "Baikonur". Piv txwv li, tus khiav ntawm cov missile, uas yuav tsum launched los ntawm no, yog nyob sab nraum lub densely populated qhov chaw ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Federation, raws li zoo raws li txawv teb chaws tsoom fwv - cov neeg muab tshaj nruab nrab dej. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug tseem ceeb tshaj yuav yog tus twg lub spaceport yog nyob rau hauv Russia - namely, nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub zoo-tsim thauj infrastructure. Qhov no ua rau cov "East" lag luam tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tus nqi-zoo. Txawm li cas los, ib txhia kws tseem ntsiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm shortcomings nyob rau hauv peb tes num ntawm cov coj tus kwv ntawm Lavxias teb sab chaw kev pab cuam. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, muaj yog qhov tseeb hais tias lub "East" yog nyob rau ntawm 6 degrees sab qaum teb ntawm lub "Baikonur" - thiaj li tag nrho cov payload loj uas zoo nkaus li nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, lub Lavxias teb sab chaw center yuav yuav ib nyuag qis.

Thaum yuav pib nrog cov "East"?

Thaum lub easternmost Lavxias teb sab cosmodrome yuav qhib thiab pib lag luam?

Chiv nws twb assumed tias thawj foob pob ua ntxaij community launch ntawm lub sib nug xov cov kwv yuav muab los siv nyob rau hauv qhov kawg ntawm 2015. Tab sis, thaum lub caij nws tsiv nyob rau hauv 2016. Raws li rau lub lub community launch ntawm ib tug manned spacecraft nrog cov "East" - tus thawj yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv 2016. Neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm Russia tus tshiab cosmodrome yuav nyob rau hauv Uglegorsk, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub Amur cheeb tsam - nyob rau hauv lub tam sim ntawd cheeb tsam ntawm lub chaw nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho. "Eastern" administrative lub cev yuav tsum tau nyob hauv tib lub nroog. Los ntawm txoj kev, ib co ntawm cov infrastructure ntawm lub cosmodrome yuav tej zaum yuav tsum tau ua nyob sab nraum ntawm lub Amur cheeb tsam. Nws yog assumed tias nrog cov "East" yuav tsum tau mus tso rockets yuav luag txhua yam - lub teeb, medium thiab hnyav - xws li, piv txwv li, "Angara", uas lub kev vam meej kev ntsuam xyuas tau nqa tawm nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv 2014.

txoj kev

Yog li, niaj hnub qhov chaw community launch Russia sawv cev 5 uas twb muaj lawm tej chaw - cov neeg kom deb li deb yuav muab suav hais tias "free", vim hais tias tag nrho cov infrastructure yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv nws, thiab ib tug nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation - nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm lub European ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws, nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb, nyob rau hauv lub Far East. Qhov loj tshaj plaws spaceport actuated nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab chaw kev pab cuam, nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan. Tsis ntev nws yuav faib lawv cov kev khiav dej num, uas yog qhia nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm tag nrho cov nrhiav-tom qab hom launches rockets los ntawm cov cosmodrome "East", uas yog tab tom ua nyob rau hauv lub Amur cheeb tsam.