Architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th: architectural modernism

Txhua zaus nyob rau hauv keeb kwm yog sawv cev ntawm grandiose lub tsev, txawm li ntawd los, nws yog architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th uas yog characterized by tau mus txog kiag li tshiab heights - los ntawm soaring skyscrapers rau tsim tsim kho. Lub sijhawm pib ntawm lub sijhawm xyoo pua 20th raws li ib qho ntawm thawj lub qauv, hu ua modernity, combining functionalism nrog aesthetic hom phiaj, tab sis rejecting classical lus txib. Nws tau sim koom siab cov qauv hauv cov qauv tsim, nrog rau cov qauv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ceev thiab kev tsim kho lub neej tam sim no.

Txuas ntxiv, kev tsim duab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th yog ib qho kev txav ntawm kev coj ua ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv tsim muaj ntau yam, cov lus qhia thiab ntau hom kev paub. Ntawm cov tseem ceeb cov npe ntawm cov neeg uas tau los ua Reformers nyob rau hauv lub architectural kos duab thiab teb cov leem txoj kev rau cov thawj tsim thiab cutting-edge nrhav, yuav tsum tau hu ua Le Korbyuze, Ludwig Mies van ua dawb Rohe, Walter Gropius, Frank Lloyd Wright, Luisa Sallivana, Oscar Niemeyer thiab Alvar Aalto.

Yog li, thawj zaug ntawm tag nrho, kev kos duab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th sawv cev los ntawm ib qho kev ua hu ua lub tsev tsim ua vaj tse thiab siv lub sijhawm txij thaum 1900 mus rau xyoo 1970s-1980s (hauv European lub teb chaws thiab Russia). Nws muaj ntau qhov chaw (kev ua haujlwm thiab kev tsim kho, kev ua kom zoo thiab kev ua laj ua kam, organic architecture, Bauhaus thiab Art Deco, thoob ntiaj teb style), tab sis lawv sawv daws sib txawv.

Kev tsim kho vaj tse modernism tau tsim los tsim tsim cov vaj tse uas ua raws li cov tswv yim classical thiab tau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov chaw, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov qauv yav tom ntej, lawv qhov chaw. "Daim ntawv ua raws li qhov ua" (cov lus ntawm Louis Sullivan, lub ntsiab lus tias lub tswv yim tsim yuav tsum ncaj nraim ntawm lub hom phiaj zoo ntawm lub tsev khoom). Piv txwv li, Frank Lloyd Wright tau paub txog qhov tseeb tias thaum tsim cov tsev nws pib ua ntej rau qhov chaw uas lawv yuav tsim lub tsev. Nws hais tias nws yuav tsum "ua ke nrog lub ntiaj teb," uas yog, los ua ib qho tag nrho.

Kev tsim kho ntawm pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th kuj muaj xws li cov nram qab no hais txog kev siv cov cuabyeej hauv qab no: siv rau kev tsim kho tshiab cov cuabyeej hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv (piv txwv, siv pob zeb txuas), tsis muaj lus zoo nkauj, tsis hais txog keeb kwm ntawm cov tsev uas yuav tsum muaj yooj yim Cov ntaub ntawv.

Lub architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th hauv teb chaws Russia tau nrov npe nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev tsim khoom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog flourishing nyob rau hauv 1920s-1930s. Constructivism ua ke siv technology zoo tshaj plaws thiab tsim kom muaj kev zoo nkauj nrog kev sib txuas nrog lub zog thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm lub xeev hauv kev tsim kho. Ib ntawm cov founders ntawm lub zog yog Konstantin Melnikov, uas tsim lub npe nrov Melnikov lub tsev nyob rau hauv Moscow, uas yog ib lub cim ntawm constructivism thiab Soviet avant-garde feem ntau. Txawm tias lub zog twb muab faib ua ob peb sib tw cov tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm nws lub neej muaj ntau yam zoo kawg vaj tse tau ua, kom txog rau thaum nws poob tawm ntawm haum nrog lub Soviet cov thawj coj hais txog nyob rau hauv 1932. Tab sis constructivist los yuav tau pom nyob rau hauv lub tom qab Soviet architecture.

Txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo 1980, kev tsim duab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th yog muaj teeb meem txog kev ua haujlwm (kev pab, lub zog, kev siv tshuab), ua ib qho kev qhuab qhia ntau yam nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm txhua tus neeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ib feem nyob hauv tus vaj tsev ntawm tus kws kos duab thiab tus kws kos duab uas lees paub tias lub tsev kawm ntawv tom ntej yuav ua kom tag nrho cov qauv tsim nyog. Tab sis, ntawm chav kawm, nws lub ntsiab thiab tseem ceeb qhov teeb meem, tsaug reflected nyob rau hauv niaj hnub architecture, yog nws ib puag ncig sustainability.