Raug thiab ntau yam ntawm installation ntawm hluav taws "Grad". Pov "Grad": tus voos kheej-kheej ntawm kev puas tsuaj, TTX, zoo li

Ib tug ntawm cov cim ntawm lub zos tsis sib haum, tom qab lub blaze nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw hauv lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Soviet Union, hu ua ib feem ntawm nws, yog lub installation ntawm "Grad". Duab ntawm lub missile thiab artillery systems, luam tawm nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm thiab nyob rau hauv cov nplooj ntawv ntawm internet ntawv, feem ntau muab pov thawj ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab tub rog xub ntiag, los yog rau piv txwv paintings ntawm tsiv sib ntaus sib tua. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, yog tias koj yog siv cov BM-21, zoo txaus. Cov hauj lwm zoo ntawm no ua tsov rog no heev.

"Katyusha" thiab NWB txoj kev loj hlob

Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws salvo installation nyob ntxov tshaj nyob rau hauv lub so ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Dav hlau kev tshawb fawb lub koom haum tau patented ib multilateral system launcher, tua cuaj luaj, nyob rau hauv 1938. Txij thaum ntawd los, ua hauj lwm rau kev txhim kho cov MRL twb nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub USSR yuav luag tsis tu ncua, uas tau txais ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog. "Katyusha" - lub legendary tiv thaiv mortars - twb sib ntaus sib tua lub tebchaw regimental echelon, tab sis lawv cov strike hwj chim yuav muab piv nrog rau cov kev sib cais. Pov hauv paus ntsiab lus, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau ib leeg-firing cuaj luaj, tau noj hauv paus nyob rau hauv cov tub rog rau ib tug heev yooj yim yog vim li cas. Txij thaum lig thirties rau nruab nrab-fifties rockets twb lom zem ntau unmanaged, tsiv los ntawm cov pa ballistic trajectory thiab raug ntaus tsis tau zoo artillery riam phom. Tsis txaus roj kub nyhiab tusyees mem tes hloov mus hloov los tshwm sim, uas ua nyob rau hauv loj dispersion qhov tseem ceeb. Neutralize no disadvantage yuav tsuas loj heev siv, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas ntaus cov cheeb tsam nrog tag nrho cov uas yog nyob rau lawv nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd nws yog. Lub ob ntiaj teb rog twb yus muaj los ntawm collisions ntawm loj nyiaj ntawm cov manpower thiab cov khoom siv. Raws li cov kev kawm tau ntawm 1939 rau 1945, nws tau formulated lub tswvyim ntawm ntau yam community launch foob pob ua ntxaij tshuab ua tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Tawm nws qhia los ua BM (sib ntaus sib tua lub tsheb), muaj malovyrazitelnoe index ntawm "21", nws yog teem rau "Grad". nres ntau tau ua loj npaum li cas, muab piv nrog rau cov "Katyusha", firepower muaj ntau zog ntau zaus lawm.

yav dhau los system

Nyob rau hauv lub lig thirties rau lub tswv yim salvo tawm tsam rockets, raws li zoo raws li feem ntau rau foob pob ua ntxaij technology, lub Soviet cov tub rog coj noj coj ua kho nrog ib co suspicion. Kev ib txwm pab tub rog conservatism ua ke nrog cog qoob loo nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hom riam phom. Txawm li cas los, muaj ntau yam enthusiasts ntawm ib tug tshiab hom mos txwv twb tau mus ua txhaum cov kuj, thiab tsis ntev tom qab German nres kev sib cais "Katyusha" coj mus rau lub firing txoj hauj lwm, ua rau ibyam ntawm lub aggressors tsis meej pem thiab ntshai. Cov kev vam meej daim ntawv thov ntawm NWB nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe thiab ces nyob rau hauv Asia (tiv thaiv cov Kwantung grouping ntawm Japanese pab tub rog) thaum kawg ntxiv dag zog rau lub Stalinist coj noj coj ua nyob rau hauv xav txog lub desirability ntawm kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm daim teb no ntawm cov tub rog technology. Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub 50s tshiab qauv tsim thiab txais yuav. BM-14 yog MS 140 hli caliber thiab cheeb tsam lub hom phaj yuav ntaus ib tug kaum yog hom twg. BM-24 txhaj koob tshuaj tivthaiv txawm ntxiv, mus 16 800 m. Nws ciali hais tias dab tsi ntau zoo meej rau tsim ib lub zog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xav tias yuav hais tias cov artillery kev ceg es conservative nrog ib tug kev puag, tsis nyob rau scientific kev kawm, xws li chaw ua dav hlua los yog rog. Phom thiab howitzers yog siv rau cov xyoo lawm tsis muaj niaj ntxwv hloov, thiab nws tsis surprise leej twg. Cuaj kaum, nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm cov kuj zoo kawg designer IB Gonicheva, koj kuj tseem ua ib tug ntau. Nyob rau hauv Tej zaum 1960 nws yog nws leej twg tau txais ib qho tseem ceeb tsoom fwv txoj hauj lwm. TTX nruab "Grad", lub creation ntawm uas nws raug txib, peb yuav tsum tau ho tshaj qhov tsis muaj lub BM-14 thiab BM-24, yog twb nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab.

Paub tab thiab phooj ywg

Tsis muaj dab tsi revolutionary tshiab thaum xub thawj tsis npaj mus thov. Lub dav dav tau feem ntau tau tsim. Nws twb assumed tias lub projectile yog ib tug khoom roj, yog dictated los ntawm cov loj daim ntawv thov ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov nta ntawm lub cia tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv warehouses thiab rau pem hauv ntej kab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug tub rog muaj teeb meem. Riam phom Raug nruab "Grad" yuav tsum kho los ntawm kev thov lub tubular ntsia nruj nreem ntau teev tseg los ntawm lub vector ntawm lub zog thaum pib-up thiab pib davhlau. Lub torque imparted los ntawm ib tug projectile nrog tib nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txo kev tawg ri niab tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog ua tsaug rau tus stabilizers pov tseg nyob rau ntawm ib lub rau ntawm txoj kab ntawm lub davhlau, tab sis vim yog tshwj xeeb daim ntawv qhia-grooves, txiav nyob rau hauv lub thoob, cia li raws li nws yog siv nyob rau hauv artillery phom. Nrog lwm yam uas yuav tsis tau lub shooting tsis, thiab yuav tsum sib ntaus sib tua, tsis tsuas cov rog ntawm lub taub hau ntawm tus tsim lub koom haum, tab sis kuj subcontractors. PU tsim SKB-203, rau roj hlwb teb SRI № 6 thiab warheads tau tsim GSKB-47. Lub npe "cov ntawv", thiab niaj hnub no ob peb cov neeg txog ib yam dab tsi hais tias, thiab ces, nyob rau hauv 1960, thiab txawm ntau li ntawd. Tag nrho cov riam phom tau tsim nyob rau hauv secrecy, nrog rau cov installation ntawm "Grad". Photo prototypes raug muab nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb folders rau nruj vultures. Tag nrho cov neeg ua muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm lub tshiab NWB, muab lub sib nug xov subscription nondisclosure daim ntawv cog lus. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo, tsis muaj ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm kws muaj txuj ci qhauj yuav tsis tau txawv teb chaws, txawm nyob rau hauv socialist lub teb chaws.

xeem

Qhov kawg ntawm 1961 nws yog npaj txhij rau kev soj ntsuam thawj pre-installation ntawm pov hluav taws "Grad", ces lwm. Main Missile thiab Artillery Directorate ntawm lub Soviet Army nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm siav landfill cheeb tsam (Leningrad cheeb tsam) rau lub tswv yim npaj community launch 650 rockets thiab yeej khiav kev ntsuam xyuas rau qhov lawv ntev ntawm 10,000 kis lus mev. Nws tsis yog lub npe hu hais tias tus txhaum tau raug zuj zus, tab sis tag nrho cov ntau yam chassis tsoo down, nws muaj peev xwm kis tau tsuas 3300 km, tom qab uas lub siab tawg tag ncej. Lub chassis yuav tsum tau muab hloov, tab sis raws li nws muab tawm, qhov teeb meem yog tsis random, tab sis twb mauj. Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm dynamic loads caved ob choj thiab faulty driveshaft. Txawm li cas los, cov teeb meem tsis tiv thaiv kom txhob txais ntawm cov pej xeem. Qhov kev kuaj ntawd tej yam kev mob, ntau khiav deb tso. Nruab "Grad" los ntawm 1964 pib mus txog nyob rau hauv cov tub rog units.

taw mechanism

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv no system ntawm pov hluav taws twb nuj nqis, paub tseeb hais tias los ntawm kev kuaj firing, es tsav tsheb kev ua tau zoo. Los ntawm Moscow rau Vladivostok, lub NWB nyob rau hauv nws lub hwj chim tsav tsis muaj ib tug twb yuav mus rau xa, muaj lwm yam txhais tau tias, thiab teeb meem-dawb khiav ntawm ntau tshaj peb txhiab kilometers hais eloquently hais txog dab tsi lub chassis, nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, yog ua tsis yog li ntawd phem, tab sis yog, thiab yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv ib co amplification. Cov ntsiab chav tsev ntawm lub tshuab yog cov warhead muaj plaub caug (10 nyob rau hauv xov tooj), cov ntawv qhia hlab, ib tug 3 meter ntev thiab nrog ib tug nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 122,4 hli. Tua ntau qhov chaw "Grad" nyob rau hauv lub inclination ntawm lub cev chav tsev txheeb ze mus rau lub kab rov tav dav hlau, lub kaum sab xis uas yog txhais ib lifting ntaus ntawv. Qhov no node yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub hauv paus thiab nws kuj yog ib tug cov neeg kho tshuab gearbox, muaj ob kinematic officers: ib lub iav ncej thiab ib lub iav log rau coj thiab cab iav, ntawm uas tsim lub Desired qhov nce. Uas tau tsav ua ib tug cob mechanism los ntawm txoj kev lub Actuator los yog manually.

raug nrhav

TTX Haum "Grad" yog ncaj qha txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cuaj luaj uas nws yub.

Lub ntsiab munition rau MB npaj 21 high-heev missile 9M22. Nws lawm yog muab rau cov nroj tsuag tooj 176, uas nyob rau hauv 1964 yog yuav tsim 10 txhiab daim. Nyob rau txoj hauj lwm, txawm li cas los, lub tuam txhab ua tsis tau tejyam, npaj txhij txog teeb meem thiab tsi xam pom los xij. Thaum lub sij hawm ua ntej peb lub hlis twg ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj kev tswj kom tso 650 cuaj luaj thiab 350 warheads rau lawv. Pov thawj kev ua txhaum ntawm lub sij hawm yuav pab tau raws li ib tug innovation uas yuav tsum tau lub sij hawm mus siv, tab sis kev txhim kho technology nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej. Thaum lub insistence ntawm General Designer Alexander Ganicheva twb qhia los ntawm ib tug qauv ntawm cov raug housings patterned hood ntawv hlau, uas zoo sib xws rau cov uas siv nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm artillery zoo li. Nyuam qhuav pib, foob pob ua ntxaij twb txiav mus rau hauv radial machined los ntawm khoom billets, uas coj mus rau siab noj ntawm cov hlau thiab ruaj zog cov nqi. Lwm txoj kev mus kom ze tau raug thov nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov fastening lub folding projectile stabilizers uas yub qhov chaw kawm "Grad". 9M22 nres ntau yog me ntsis ntau tshaj li 20 km. Txwv txiav cov deb yog tsis pom nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov neeg. Qhov kev nthuav ntawm cov huab ntsiab lus ntawm cov nyiaj pab ntau tshaj. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus firing ntau sib "Grad", teev nyob rau hauv 5 km, yog zwj ceeb, hluav taws kub yog tau thiab nyob rau hauv ib lub vojvoog ntawm ib tug thiab ib tug ib nrab kilometers, tab sis nrog ib tug ntau dua uas yuav muaj thov tsis txhob mus qhov twg koj xav tau, hais tias cov enormous puas hwj chim ntawm riam phom yuav ua heev unpleasant txim.

"Extraction" technology yog justified. missile tsev nyob lawm tiag ua yooj yim dua. Cheapen ntau lawm, tab sis hais tias yog lub ntsiab zoo. ntau yam ntawm installation ntawm hluav taws "Grad" muaj ntau zog tshuam. Nyob rau tib lub projectile mass-ntug nws yuav ntaus lub hom phiaj.

foob pob ua ntxaij community launch

Nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub zos tsis sib haum lub sijhawm uas nws tshwm sim thaum zoo li npaj rau MB-21, tau khiav nrog slate los xij teem rau lub cib impart cov yam kaum sab xis. Nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob, ntawm chav kawm, ntaus raug yog tsis tshua muaj. Koom haum pab txhais tau tias yuav tsum tau hloov los ntawm tsob nroj "Grad". Cov duab Middle Eastern cov neeg phem sim ua kev puas tsuaj rau lwm tus sab nrauv siv improvised pab kiag li lawm yog tsim feem ntau los muab puas siab puas ntsws siab.

9M22 missile nyhav 66 kg nrog ib tug ntev ntawm 2870 hli. Sib ntaus sib tua compartment muaj ib tug luj ntawm 18,4 kg thiab muaj 6.4 kg ntawm TNT. Pib tshwm sim thaum lub fais mem tes tiv cav tseb fuse. Cov khoom roj yog muaj li ntawm ob daim tag nrho cov luj ntawm 20,4 kg. Undermining lub taub hau ntawm lub fuse muab MRI (MRI-U), uas yuav cocked txiav tom qab ncaim ntawm lub foob pob ua ntxaij ntawm 200-400 meters. Chim projectile nplooj, muaj ib tug ceev ntawm 50 m / c, thiab ces accelerates rau 700 m / s. Tua ntau qhov chaw "Grad" yuav artificially txwv los ntawm txoj kev nres rings (loj loj los me me). Nyob rau hauv 1963, NII-147 cov kws txawj tau tsim fragmentation projectile tshuaj variant, xaiv "Lake" (9M23), uas muaj kev kawm ntawv tib yam ntxwv raws li lub 9M22.

Nruab nrab 9M22 thiab "Leica"

Tests tau qhia yuav ua li cas haib ib tug riam phom yog cov installation ntawm "Grad". Lesion cheeb tsam nrog rau tag nrho salvo ntawm 1,050 sq. m thaum ntaus los ntawm manpower, thiab 840 sq. m rau armored tsheb.

Ntxiv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kev kho vajtse ntawm lub projectile fuze kov. "Lake" yuav txawm peem rau nrog lawv nyob rau hauv ob embodiments (txhua yam thiab radar). Tej siab heev ordnance yuav ntau npaum li cas zoo yog hais tias nws yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv undermining lub zoo siab, nrog rau ib tug projectile uas yub nruab "Grad". Lesion cheeb tsam tawg tsam thiab tej yam tshuaj lom thaum pib ntawm 30 meters ntawm tus nto nce sharply, txawm li cas los, cov kev siv ntawm radar fuze thiaj li lub siab tshaj plaws ntau yam ntawm 1600 meters.

Ntau hom mos txwv rau "Tsev fuabtais"

Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm zus tau tej BM-21 tau ua hauj lwm tas li los txhim kho uas twb muaj lawm thiab tsim tau tshiab mos txwv (tshwj xeeb). Lawv yuav tsum tau them tej teeb "Grad". 3M16 daig kab zoo li muaj ib lub taub hau feem 9M42 teeb nyob rau hauv ib nrab feeb cheeb tsam tsis pub dhau 500 m los ntawm lub hnub ci ci 9M28K scatters landmines (3 txhua), self-liquidating rau 16-24 teev. RS 9M519 tsim sustainable zos cuam.

BM-21 mas siv yooj yim unguided munitions, tab sis muaj tshwj xeeb hom mos txwv, xws li 9M217 nruab ntaus samopritselivaniya thiab cumulative xwb mus tua tso tsheb hlau luam.

Tsim thiab haus luam yeeb pes tsawg zaus tej, thiab muaj zog mos txwv muaj peev xwm, thiab ntau lwm yam unpleasant surprises rau tus yeeb ncuab, uas tej zaum yuav tau them installation "Grad". Lub voos kheej-kheej ntawm kev puas tsuaj yog ua ntau tuag quab yuam nce, cov neeg yog zoo tuaj.

Upgraded BM-21

Yog li ntawd meej thiab txhim khu kev qha system siv los ntawm tus tub rog ntawm dozens ntawm lub teb chaws, thiab tau txais universal paub rau yooj yim ntawm kev txij nkawm thiab kev cia siab, txawm lub impressive hnub nyoog, yuav siv tau rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm. Los ntawm lub sij hawm mus hawm nws tus yam ntxwv yog zoo vim tsis ntev los no hauj kho, mas muab lus qhia.

Nyob rau hauv 1998 nws muaj ib tug sib sib zog nqus Modernization ntawm cov nroj tsuag "Grad" tau raug pom nyob rau hauv Orenburg. Cov duab thiab cov video ntawm no tshuab, qhov no lub sij hawm yog tsis nkaum los ntawm cov pej xeem thiab muaj tau luam tawm los ntawm tag nrho cov ua xov xwm ntaub ntawv raws. Tsis zoo li cov yooj yim qauv yog muaj cov qhov hluav taws kub chaw nres tsheb tswj, hu ua "skit-B2", tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug high-ceev computer "Baget-41." Tus qauv kuj muaj xws li ib tug hluav taws tswj system meteosystems, navigation determinant newest kho kev sib txuas lus apparatus kev khiav hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis siv neeg cov ntaub ntawv pauv hom. Sighting ntau teeb "Grad" firing ob npaug (40 km). Paub kev ua tau zoo thiab ballistic missiles, nrog tshiab stabilizers thiab ib tug ntau zoo meej kawm tuab si lug. tshiab roj sib tov yog nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub lag luam qhia hais tias yuav tau txoj kev tshiab rau modernize, txo lub sij hawm ntawm chaw thau khoom thiab lwm yam kev ua tau zoo cov yam ntxwv ntawm "Grad". Nyob rau hauv tsis ntev los no xyoo lawm muaj puas cov ntaub ntawv, cov kev siv uas yuav ua rau kom cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm stealth technology rau radar thiab los pab txhawb kev tsim kho. Feem ntau cov yuav, nyob rau hauv lub nyob ze yav tom ntej installation ntawm pov hluav taws "Grad", es tsis txhob ntawm lub tubular tej kas tham los tsim ib polymer-lub sij hawm khoom qab zib bar uas yuav txo tau cov recharge lub sij hawm rau 5 feeb.

SZU modernized nrog qhov tseeb tshuab "Prima" nyob rau hauv lub nyob ze yav tom ntej yuav tau txais Lavxias teb sab Armed Forces. Muaj kev xaiv rau installation tsis tsuas yog nyob rau lub tsheb platforms, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv ib co ships. Salvo qhov chaw kawm "Grad" tej zaum kuj yuav siv tau raws li ib tug tiv thaiv lub caij ntug dej bases.