Sodium phenate: Kev npaj, Tshuaj lom neeg Properties

Phenols - uas muaj ntxhiab tebchaw muaj ib los yog ntau tshaj hydroxyl pawg txuas rau cov atoms benzenovogo nucleus. Raws li cov xov tooj ntawm OH pawg yog distinguished ib, ob thiab trihydric phenols.

Monohydric phenols - derivatives ntawm benzene thiab nws homologues nyob rau hauv lub nucleus uas ib hydrogen atom yog hloov los ntawm ib tug hydroxyl pab pawg neeg.

Isomerism thiab nomenclature. Nyob rau hauv lub nyuaj tus neeg sawv cev ntawm phenols - carbolic acid (phenol) isomers tsis, nyob rau hauv nws cov homologs nyob positional isomers ntawm lub hydroxyl pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv benzonovom tub ntxhais (ortho, meta, para txoj hauj lwm).

Yuav kom lub npe phenols siv peb nomenclature - keeb kwm, muaj kuab thiab IUPAC. Rau keeb kwm nomenclature phenols yog hu ua trivially - phenol (carbolic acid), cresols, etc.

Ntuj qhov chaw rau cov ntaub ntawv no yog thee ib, ntsiav roj, ib beech, etc. Thee ib yog ua thaum lub sij hawm thee qhuav distillation. Qhov chaw rau cov phenols yog Salaries (boiling ntawm 170-230 ° C) thiab hnyav (boiling ntawm 230-270 ° C) roj. Thaum lub sij hawm ua ntawm sodium hydroxide twb npaj sodium phenolate. Cov mis ntawm no cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj qhov seem ntawm phenol thiab sodium.

Nyob rau hauv laboratory tej yam kev mob, feem ntau uas muaj ntxhiab sulphosalts (sodium thiab potassium ntsev ntawm sulfonic acids) yog siv los nrhiav tau phenols. Thaum lub sij hawm tshuaj haum, ib tug sodium los yog poov tshuaj phenolate. Tom qab hais tias, cov tebchaw yog kho nrog mineral acids muab cov dawb phenols.

Tshuaj zog yog vim lub xub ntiag ntawm lub phenol OH pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv benzelnom nucleus. Cov tshuaj yuav tau nkag mus rau hauv tshua uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm alcohols (tsim ntawm esters, phenolates, halogenated) thiab arenes (kev hloov ntawm hydrogen atoms ntawm ib tug tub ntxhais benzenovom halogens, nitro pab pawg neeg, pab pawg neeg sulfo). Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj mas siv hnov mob nkag nrog cov co mus ua ib lub sodium phenolate. Nws yog nyob rau hauv cov yam no tau raug ua tshwj xeeb hluav taws xob qauv ntawm molecules ntawm alcohols thiab phenols.

sodium phenoxide (los yog phenoxide) yog tsim los ntawm reacting phenols nrog alkalis. Lub acidic thaj chaw ntawm phenols kuj me me lus hais. Cov tshuaj yuav tsis tsuas nrog litmus ntawv. sodium phenolate tsis zoo li alkoxides yuav muaj nyob rau hauv aqueous alkaline daws teeb meem, thaum nws tsis decompose. Phenates yooj yim decompose thaum reacted nrog acids (txawm lub feem ntau me ntsis, e.g., thee).

Tsis tau lub acidic thaj chaw ntawm phenols muaj ntau pronounced tshaj nyob rau hauv aliphatic alcohols. Introduction mus rau hauv lub molecule ntawm lub phenol electron-thim substituents (nitro, halogen, ib tug sulfo pab pawg neeg, ib tug aldehyde pab pawg neeg thiab cov zoo li no) yuav tsub kom lub hydrogen gidroksogrupp zog, li ntawd, acidic khoom no kho kom zoo.

Lub xub ntiag ntawm phenols zoo mesomeric nyhuv ua rau lawv nucleophilic zog, uas yog tsawg pronounced nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog alcohols. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse yog siv los tsim esters, tab sis tsis koom nrog nyob rau hauv lub tshua lawv tus kheej phenols thiab phenolates thiab halogenated hydrocarbons.

Ester tsim tshwm sim los ntawm reacting phenols nrog chlorides los yog anhydrides ntawm carboxylic acids. Raws li nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm esters, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog yooj yim mus nrog poov tshuaj los yog sodium phenates.

Thaum qhov kev txiav txim ntawm halogens tsim phenols halogen derivatives. Lub bromination ntawm phenols siv nyob rau hauv kws tsom xam: 2,46-tribromophenol yog tsis zoo soluble nyob rau hauv cov dej thiab precipitates tawm, uas tso cai rau hais tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los mus txiav txim lub phenols nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj.

Lub nitration ntawm phenol. Qhov kev txiav txim rau phenol ib tug 20% nitric acid , ib tug sib tov ntawm o-thiab p-nitrophenols uas yog cais los ntawm distillation nrog chav (o-nitrophenol twb distilled tawm, thiab cov p-nitrophenol tseem nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj).