Tshuaj ntawm cov acids

Acids yog cov sib txuas ua ke uas muaj cov tshuaj atoms hydrogen uas muaj peev xwm hloov tau los ntawm cov hlau atoms thiab cov kua qaub dua.

Acids yog electrolytes. Cov tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj acids yog txiav txim tau los ntawm lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Cov acids raug cais raws li ntau yam ntxwv:

1. Los ntawm cov xaim hluav taws xob atoms.

2. Los ntawm muaj cov kab mob oxygen.

3. Lub sijhawm ntawm kev sib cais.

Raws li cov nab npawb ntawm oxygen atoms (cov tshuaj ntawm cov kua qaub ntawm cov kua qaub no yog nyob ntawm seb qhov no), lawv muab faib rau cov pa oxygen (hydrogen sulphide, hydrochloric, etc.) thiab cov pa oxygen (nitric, sulfuric, silicic, etc.)

Cov xov tooj ntawm hydrogen atoms ntawm acid yog:

- monobasic, muaj ib hom roj atom (hydrochloric, nitric);

- dibasic, uas muaj ob hom tshuaj hydrogen (sulfuric, hydrogen sulphide);

- Pawg neeg, uas muaj peb hom atoms (orthophosphoric).

Raws li lub cim thib peb, cov kua qaub no tau muab faib ua rau cov roj ntsha tsis muaj zog (phosphoric, coal, etc.) thiab cov electrolytes muaj zog (hydrochloric, nitric, sulfuric).

Tshuaj ntawm cov acids

Lub xub ntiag ntawm hydrogen ions nyob rau hauv acid daws txiav txim siab lawv chaw acidic thiab acid saj. Txawm li cas los, koj yuav tsis sim lawv tus nplaig li sai tau tshuaj kub nyhiab.

Cov yeeb yam tshuaj litmus thiab methylorange hauv qaug tshuaj acids hloov lawv cov xim.

Acid kev daws teeb meem li cas nrog yooj yim oxides, uas ua rau tsim ntawm ntsev thiab dej.

Cov acids react nrog cov hlau rau sab laug ntawm cov element hauv hydrogen hauv cov hlau nyom ntau. Yog li ntawd, ib qho hlau ntsev thiab hydrogen raug tsim.

Cov acids react nrog lub hauv paus. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, ntsev thiab dej raug tsim. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub acid thiab alkali (puag) yog hu ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv neutralization.

Acids hnov mob ntawm cov kua ntsev, thaum lub zwj ceeb rau cov tsos thiab nquag ntawm ion txauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ua kom tiav mus rau qhov kawg, uas yog, ib qho sai los yog roj tso tawm.

Cov tshuaj zog ntawm cov organic acids muaj lawv tus kheej cov yam ntxwv.

Cov khoom ntawm phosphoric acid

Phosphoric acid thiab nws txoj kev daws teeb meem muaj ntau tshaj li cov acids xws li nitric thiab sulfuric acids. Nws yog ib qho kua qaub uas peb muaj cov kabmob (oxygen). Electrolytic dissociation ntawm phosphoric acid tshwm sim stepwise. Ib hom kua qaub yog phosphoric acid, cov khoom siv tshuaj yog txiav txim los ntawm nws cov khoom xyaw.

Phosphos phosphate ions mas feem ntau yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv kev daws ntawm phosphoric acid. Ions, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv theem thib ob ntawm dissociation, yog ntau me, thiab phosphate ions, tshwm sim ntawm theem peb ntawm ionization, yog yuav luag tsis tuaj. Nyob rau hauv thawj theem, phosphoric acid yog ib qho acid ntawm medium lub zog. Txij li muaj peb hom qe kua qaub, qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm phosphoric acid nrog alkali ua rau cov ntsev nram qab no: phosphates, hydrophosphates thiab dihydrogen phosphates.

Orthophosphoric acid yuav txawv ntawm lwm cov kua qaub los ntawm nws txoj kev nrog cov roj nitrate, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov tsim ntawm cov xim daj. Lwm yam phosphoric acids, reacting nrog cov roj nitrate, tsim ib qho dawb ceev. Orthophosphoric acid on cua sov thiab ntaub ntawv dej cleaves pyrophosphoric acid.

Tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj hydrochloric acid

Hydrochloric acid yog ib qho muaj zog monobasic acid nrog cov kua txob ua kua. Tsis muaj kob, me ntsis haus luam yeeb, kua tshuaj chloride hauv dej. Salts ntawm hydrochloric acid yog hu ua "chlorides".

Hydrochloric acid yuav npaj los ntawm reacting kev daws teeb meem ntawm sodium tshuaj dawb thiab sulfuric acid, thiab hydrogen chloride yaj nyob rau hauv dej. Hydrochloric acid reacts nrog paus, resulting nyob rau hauv tsim ntawm salts thiab dej. Thaum reacting nrog alkali, tshwm sim rau lub cev neutralization. Qhov no tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas tau los ntawm qhov ntsuas. Nws cov xim yuav hloov, lees tias lub nruab nrab ntawm cov tshuaj.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hydrochloric acid thiab silver nitrate leads mus rau tsim ntawm ib qho insoluble silver chloride ntsev, uas precipitates.

Hydrochloric acid reacts nrog cov hlau co. Yog tias zinc muab tso rau hauv nws cov kua, kev tsim tawm thiab kev hloov ntawm hydrogen yuav pib.

Hydrochloric acid, raws li ib tug raug acid, reacts nrog bases, co thiab salts.