Tus nqi thiab manifold amphibians nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Qhov ntau haiv amphibians, lawv tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv qhov thiab tib neeg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tsiaj - tag nrho cov no koj yuav kawm tau los ntawm kev nyeem cov tsab xov xwm no. Amphibians kuj hu ua amphibians. Lawv tshwm sim txog 350 lab lub xyoo dhau los los ntawm cov ntses zoo li pog koob yawg koob nyob rau hauv lub Upper Devonian. Thaum marshes overgrown nrog ferns ntawm tus ntug dej, twb deserted, thiab muab ib qho zoo tagnrho chaw rau lawv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov thawj av tsiaj txhu, tseem tsis tau paub yuav ua li cas kom noo nyob rau hauv lub cev.

Tus thawj amphibians

Nws tsis sai li sai tau tshwm sim tag nrho cov niaj hnub ntau haiv neeg ntawm amphibians. Duab ntawm ancient cov tsiaj, hmoov tsis, tsis muaj. Lawv yeej zoo heev impressive. Paleontologicheskii khoom qhia tau hais tias tus thawj amphibians zoo li giant salamanders nrog ib tug elongated lub taub hau thiab tus Tsov tus tw zoo tsim. Cov tsiaj, uas mus txog rau ntau tshaj 1 m nyob rau hauv ntev, tsiv maj mam thiab clumsy, tsis yooj yim nkag los ntawm ib tug reservoir mus rau lwm lub. Lub Carboniferous yog pom ib tug loj heev ntau haiv neeg ntawm amphibians. Tiam sis tag nrho ntawm lawv twb sedentary, yuav luag tsis muaj kev tsis muaj kev sib tw los ntawm lwm yam tsiaj raws li khoom noj khoom haus yog txaus.

adaptation teeb meem

Tus tam sim no muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab tseem ceeb ntawm amphibians tsim nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm ib tug ntev evolution. Cov kev hloov ntawm dej rau terrestrial hav zoov tsim ib tug ntau ntawm teeb meem rau cov tsiaj. Amphibians Nws coj lab xyoo mus ua hauj lwm tawm qhov tsim nyog yoog. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm amphibians yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias cov tsiaj muaj tsis tau muaj peev xwm siab kho mus rau lub harsher tej yam kev mob ntawm terrestrial vaj tse thiab mus txuas ntxiv yuav nyob rau hauv lub dej ib puag ncig rau tu tub tu kiv. Rau zoo dua zog nyob rau hauv amphibians hloov zuj zuj khaub-ncaws nyias lub cev pob txha thiab haib leeg, mus kov yeej tus quab yuam ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus. Nqua thawj amphibians twb luv luv, loj heev thiab dav spaced, txawm hais tias nws yog tsib-fingered. Ua pa amphibians siv ntxaib cua hnab, los yog lub ntsws.

niaj hnub amphibians

Ntawm ntau yav tas los uas twb muaj lawm pab pawg ntawm cov amphibians dim tsuas yog peb tuam txhab uas muag: Anura (qav thiab toads), Urodela (newts thiab salamanders) thiab Apoda (caecilians - elongated dig muag burrowing forms). Qav thiab toads ntau tshaj 2,500 hom. Qhov ntau haiv amphibians teej tug mus rau Anura, tau txais mus rau lub neej xwb tsis nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm dej lub cev, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws sov forests, steppes thiab txawm deserts.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qav thiab cov toads

Cov hom feature ntawm tag nrho cov qav thiab toads - txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug tag nrho metamorphosis (metamorphosis). Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj lub suab apparatus, tab sis nws achieves tag nrho txoj kev loj hlob xwb nyob rau hauv cov txivneej uas emit quaj, uas cov maum nyob rau hauv lub mating lub caij los yog thaum ntshai. Yam ntxwv croaking suab ua los ntawm vibrations ntawm lub vocal cords - paired mucosal folds ntawm lub suab. Cua kis lawv mus rau lub ntsws thaum lub sij hawm kev tshoov siab thiab vice versa los ntawm lub ntsws mus rau lub suab hnab nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav. Yuav luag tag nrho cov qav thiab toads ntsis caij nplooj ntoos hlav tsam yog xa mus rau cov dej. Lawv xaiv cov kev kawm cov kev taw qhia, coj los ntawm tshwj xeeb hlwb raug - osmoreceptors muab tso nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav. Rau cov tsis paub yog vim li cas, txaus nyiam rau amphibians tsuas yog ib tug ob peb pas dej, thiab nyob rau hauv lawv lub sij hawm yug me nyuam rau lub caij yuav mus rau ib tug ntau ntau yam ntawm cov qav thiab cov toads. Lub caug feem ntau txog thawj thiab hu cov maum sib yuav quaj.

Cov tawv nqaij ntawm amphibians

Larval theem ntawm qav, toads, newts thiab salamanders ua pa nyob rau hauv dej gills txheej disappearing thaum lub sij hawm metamorphosis. Tus neeg laus frogs ua tau pa nyob rau hauv peb txoj hau kev. Thaum theem ntawm kev ua si yog ua, txoj kev no yooj yim thiab qhov ncauj kab noj hniav, thiab thaum lub sij hawm hibernation - daim tawv nqaij. Cov huab cua ya raws ntawm daim tawv nqaij kev txhawb los ntawm tso hnoos qeev qog. Cov tawv nqaij thiab venom qog nyob, yog tshwj xeeb yog zoo tsim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws sov qav ntawm lub genera Dendrobates thiab Phyllobates. Lawv hwj chim tshuaj lom xib xub smeared nrog South American Indians, uas hunted rau cov noog thiab cov liab.

Muaj ntau lom amphibians yog lug dawb lias, uas ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib tug ceeb toom rau npua. Thoob plaws amphibian thiab camouflage coloring. Pom nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij xim hlwb (3 hom), ib tug thooj los yog dispersing cov xim ua hloov xim.

Newts thiab salamanders

Newts thiab salamanders (ib tug ntawm lawv yog pictured saum toj no) yog tsawg deviated los ntawm tus thawj hom qauv amphibians. Raws li rau cov duab ntawm lub cev salamanders li lizards. Lawv muaj ib tug kom meej meej tseg lub taub hau. Tus neeg laus cov tsiaj thiab kab yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau txhua tus lwm yam, thiab ua kom tiav metamorphosis cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qav thiab cov toads, salamanders tsis tau tshwm sim. 8 cov tsev neeg lub npe hu tailed nrog kwv yees li 225 hom. Zoo li cov qav thiab cov toads, lawv feem ntau yog yug nyob rau hauv dej. Fertilization nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj nrog. Tus txiv neej tso ib tug spermatophore, uas captures tus poj niam cloaca. Feem ntau cov tailed nteg qe.

Pos cwj pwm ntawm cov newts thiab salamanders

Thaum lub sij hawm yug me nyuam rau lub caij tus txiv neej newts tau ib tug qaim xim, uas plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lawv lub neej si nyhav restore. Rau ib txhia salamanders yam ntxwv neoteny - thaum paub tab cov neeg khaws cov raug nta ntawm lub larval koom haum: .. Sab nraud gills, pob tshab slabopigmentirovannuyu daim tawv nqaij, thiab lwm yam li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm pedogenesis tsiaj yuav sib deev paub tab nyob rau hauv lub larval theem. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm no zoo yog qhia nyob rau hauv cov kev yees duab saum toj no axolotl (kab Ambystoma mexicanum).

caecilians

Caecilians - qhov tsawg tshaj plaws thiab yam tsawg kawg kawm pab pawg neeg ntawm amphibians. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv yog khawb txoj kev ua neej. Nqua ntawm cov tsiaj yog muaj nyob rau. Ib tug interesting feature ntawm txheej thaum ub caecilians yog kom cov dos nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij. Ob lub qhov muag yog zoo heev txo, thiab lawv muaj nuj nqi yog tej hloov los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb tactile tentacles uas cov tsiaj kho lub zog underground. Zoo dua li lwm cov paub Ceylon ichthyophiidae (Ichthyophis glutinosus), thawj piav nyob rau hauv lub lig 19th caug xyoo. Photo nws tawm saum toj no.

South American caecilians - ib tug raug tus neeg sawv cev ntawm legless amphibians. Nws yog qhov muag tsis pom, nyob underground, thiab tej zaum txau rau cua nab. Cov hom yog faib xwb nyob rau hauv subtropical thiab tauj regions. South American caecilians incubates nws masonry. Tsiaj nce mus txog 50 cm nyob rau hauv ntev.

Yog li ntawd, peb yuav piav me ntsis txog lub muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm amphibians. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm amphibians nyob rau hauv qhov thiab tib neeg lub neej - yog lwm nthuav lub ntsiab lus. Peb hais tias koj tau nyeem txog yog vim li cas cov tsiaj yog li ntawd, tseem ceeb heev.

Lub ntsiab lus amphibians

Nyob rau hauv cov zaubmov, tseem ceeb rau ib tug neeg tag nrho cov muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm amphibians. Lawv tus nqi yog heev mas vim lawv noj ntau yam ntawm cov teeb meem invertebrates (kab thiab lawv cov kab, xws li yoov tshaj cum, shellfish, etc ..). No thiab lwm yam invertebrates kev puas tsuaj forests thiab cov qoob loo. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv yuav ua tau muaj ntawm cov kab mob ntawm domestic tsiaj los yog tib neeg.

Ntxiv rau piav qhia txog ntau yam thiab tseem ceeb ntawm amphibians, peb nco ntsoov tias cov zaub mov cov khoom nyob rau hauv terrestrial amphibians yuav tau ntau ntau haiv neeg tshaj cov neeg uas yog dej txoj kev ua neej. Ib hnub nyob rau hauv nruab nrab herbal Qav noj 6 invertebrates teeb meem rau tib neeg. Yog hais tias lub xov tooj ntawm no amphibians yog 100 cov neeg ib 1 ha, lawv muaj peev xwm ua kom puas ntau tshaj 100 txhiab kab thaum lub sij hawm lub caij ntuj sov kev ua si. amphibians feem ntau noj invertebrates uas muaj ib tug unpleasant saj los yog tsw. Amphibians plob hav zoov thaum hmo ntuj thiab thaum tsaus ntuj zuag. Lawv pab tau kev ua si, tab sis, nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, yog tsis muaj, vim tsuas nyob rau hauv ob peb qhov chaw lawv mus txog coob txaus. Tadpoles, qe thiab cov laus ntawm amphibian hom, ua rau lub ntsiab dej txoj kev ntawm lub neej yog khoom noj khoom haus rau ntau coj mus muag ntses, herons, ducks thiab lwm cov noog. Amphibians kuj ua li ib tug tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm cov khoom noj ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm pluab-kev coj tus kheej cov tsiaj (polecat, mink, etc.) Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov. Ib tug otters thiab qav noj nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no.

Nyob rau hauv ib co thaj tsam (America, Southeast Asia, Ltalis, Fabkis), ib txhia amphibians (qav, salamanders) cov neeg siv rau khoom noj khoom haus. Nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, piv txwv li, muaj ib tug ua liaj ua teb, uas bred ib tug qav-nyuj (yees duab qhia saum toj no). Tsuas yog hind ob txhais ceg ntaus lub lag luam, thiab cov tuag yog pub rau tej tsiaj txhu. Nyob rau hauv nws lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Ukraine yog tseem muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ntxawm ntsuab qav. Lawv yog bred rau export mus rau lub swamps thiab Estuaries ntawm lub Danube. Txawm li cas los, lawv cov xov tooj tsis yeem sai heev, thiab lawv cov khoom raug nres.

Nyob rau hauv tsis kub tsis txias latitudes, tus xov tooj ntawm amphibians yog me me, yog li ntawd koj yuav tsum tiv thaiv lawv. Qhov ntau haiv amphibians thiab lawv tiv thaiv - tus yuam sij rau lub ecological tshuav nyiaj li cas.