Txoj cai ntawm kev thov thiab kev thov, tus nqi sib npaug

Kev thov yog qhov hnyav ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom. Nws qhia nws tus kheej hauv cov nyiaj uas tus neeg npaj tau thiab them tau cov khoom. Thiab nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg tus yam: cawv, nyiam ntawm buyers, lawv cov nyiaj tau los.

Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam muaj xws li ib yam li "txoj cai ntawm kev thov". Nws piav yog vim li cas ib tug loj feem nyob rau hauv kev muag khoom muaj cov nqi ntawm cov khoom. Yog li ntawd, qhov ntau dua tus nqi, tsawg dua kev yuav, thiab lwm tus lwm tus. Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj cai lij choj xav tau hais tias kev poob qis hauv kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg hauv ib qho khoom muag.

Yog li, ntau cov khoom thiab cov kev pab cuam yuav tau nyob ntawm cov nqi. Xav txog qhov teeb meem thaum lub lag luam tsis muaj khoom. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, qhov kev loj hlob ntawm lawv cov nuj nqis yog tsis tshua muaj, vim tias muaj nyiaj muaj txiaj ntsig. Sai li ntau cov khoom muag nkag mus rau hauv lub khw, cov nqi yuav tshwm sim sai li sai tau.

Txoj cai ntawm kev thov kuj qhia tau hais tias xws li cov txheej txheem ua qeeb zuj zus hauv kev muag khoom. Qhov no yog vim kev tuaj yeem ntawm cov neeg tau txais kev pab. Txhua tom qab yuav khoom ntawm cov khoom no coj tsawg pab rau ib tug neeg. Piv txwv, koj tuaj yeem coj tus me nyuam thiab khoom qab zib. Tug menyuam thaum xub thawj yeej txaus siab noj cov khoom qab zib, tab sis maj mam nws tsis tuaj yeem sim Library los ntawm lawv. Kev poob siab tau tshwm sim. Yog li nws yog nyob rau hauv cov neeg siv khoom noj khoom haus: cov neeg "noj tsau rau" cov khoom muag thiab tsis xav tias nws xav tau. Tus neeg lag luam, xav kom khaws, xav kom txo tus nqi ntawm cov khoom, tab sis qhov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem tsis tas mus ntxiv. Cov neeg yuav khoom yog thawj zaug npaj txhij rau noj tshiab ntawm cov khoom, raws li tus nqi txaus siab rau lawv. Tab sis thaum kawg, tus nqi qis yuav nres cov neeg nyiam.

Txoj cai ntawm kev thov yog ib qho kev lag luam, nws tsim kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev thov thiab khoom. Tshaj tawm, thawj zaug yog qhia los ntawm qhov nkhaus uas muaj qhov tsis zoo. Qhov no yog vim muaj qhov tseeb tias nws qhia tau hais tias kev sib thooj kev sib txawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv - muag ntim thiab nqi. Raws li zoo raws li zuj zus lawm marginal nqi hluav taws xob ntawm txhua tom ntej purchase. Kev thov kev nkhaus yog qhia los ntawm DD, hauv kev txhais los ntawm Askiv - "xav tau", "xav tau".

Lub khoom ntawm cov khoom yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom uas muaj nyob hauv kev ua lag luam. Qhov ntsuas no yog ncaj qha nyob ntawm tus nqi. Uas yog, yog tias tus nqi ntawm cov khoom raug txo, tsawg thiab tsawg muag yuav txaus siab muag lawv cov khoom muag. Thaum tus nqi pib loj hlob, tus lag luam yog ua cov khoom xa loj dua tuaj rau tom khw. Cov khoom nkhaus muaj ib txoj kev zoo. Nws yog tus SS, los ntawm lus Askiv nws txhais ua "tus xaib ntawm kev ua lag luam", "khoom noj khoom haus". Cov khoom ntws tawm qhia txog qhov ncaj qha ntawm qhov khoom ntim khoom ntawm tus nqi.

Lub ntim ntawm qhov khoom siv tau yog nyob ntawm tus nqi xwb, tiam sis tseem nyob rau ntau qhov ntawm lwm yam: qhov muaj cov analogues, se thiab nyiaj pab, kev lag luam, kev tshaj tawm, kev tsim khoom siv, cov khoom zoo, thiab lwm yam.

Thaum cov khoom thiab kev thov curves raug teem rau ntau qhov chaw siab tshaj, lawv yuav tsum tshuam ntawm ib qho chaw. Nws yog hu ua tus "equilibrium nqi". Uas yog, ntawm tus nqi them, qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom yuav khoom yuav sib npaug rau qhov khoom ntim khoom rau lub lag luam.

Yog li, kev cai lij choj ntawm mov thiab thov kav lub pricing txheej txheem. Tus nqi nruab nrab yog tsim los ntawm qee yam ntawm cov nta thiab cov qauv hauv kev ua lag luam. Peb tau txais ib qho ntawm ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev lag luam. Tus nqi equilibrium yog tus nqi rau txhua yam khoom ntawm lub khw tsis muaj ib qho nyiaj los sis tsis muaj nyiaj ntxiv. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, khoom siv thiab kev xav tau los ntawm kev sib tw hauv kev ua lag luam. Tus taw tes ntawm kev tshuam ntawm lub curves denoted los ntawm tsab ntawv E. Kev ua lag luam equilibrium yuav tsum raug xam tias yog ib txwm tsuas yog nyob rau ib lub sij hawm luv.

Yog li, peb tau soj ntsuam cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam, xws li "kev cai thiab kev thov", "equilibrium price," thiab lawv cov duab nraaj.