Yuav ua li cas los mus txiav txim cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation

Tag nrho cov tshuaj muaj molecules, uas yog cov tsawg tshaj plaws. Lawv yog cov electrically nruab nrab thiab yog muaj li ntawm atoms, uas yog txuas los ntawm covalent bonds. Lub peev xwm ntawm atoms ntawm tshuaj ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub lwg me me mus ua ib lub tej xov tooj ntawm kev mus hu ua valence. Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov emergence thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kev tshawb xav ntawm tshuaj bonds cov tswvyim no tau undergone tseem ceeb kev hloov thiab tam sim no twb tsis muaj tseeb scientific kev txhais, mas siv nyob rau hauv kev qhia ntawv lub hom phiaj thiab yog feem ntau nrhiav tau nrog cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation. Yog hais tias lub molecule - yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws particle khoom, cov atom yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws indivisible particle tshuaj caij. Atom yog tseem electrically nruab nrab particle nyob rau hauv nws cov centre muaj ib tug tub ntxhais uas muaj ib tug zoo them protons, thiab nyob ib ncig ntawm nws muaj ib tug huab ntawm electrons (tsis zoo them). Yog li ntawd nws tshwm sim ntsuas qhov zoo them nyiaj ntawm cov keeb tsis zoo saib xyuas ntawm electrons. Yuav kom to taub li cas los mus txiav txim cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation, thiab nws yog dab tsi tsim nyog los xav cov qauv ntawm cov molecules ntawm tej tshuaj.

Nyob rau hauv ib tug qauv ntawm hydrogen chloride (HCl) ntawm hydrogen thiab tshuaj, yog ib qho khub ntawm electrons. Ib tug hydrogen atom muaj ib proton thiab ib tug electron. tshuaj atom muaj 17 protons thiab electrons 17, ib tug ntawm xya electrons nyob rau hauv lub plhaub electron ceev teamed nrog ib tug electron ntawm lub hydrogen atom tsim li ib tug electron khub: H: Cl. Lub H2S tsim molecule leej faj atom 2 qhia khub ntawm electrons nrog ob hydrogen atoms: H: S: H. Yuav ua li cas los mus txiav txim cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm lub caij, piv txwv li, cov tshuaj thiab HCl nyob rau hauv lub molecule hydrogen thiab hydrogen leej faj nyob rau hauv lub molecule H2S? Valency muab ib lub tswv yim ntawm cov nqi tsim nyob rau hauv lub molecule bonds los yog electron officers, tab sis tsis qhia nyob rau hauv lawv cov xaav.

Nws yog assumed tias cov electrons ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv ib tug qauv ua ke nyob rau hauv lub electron officers uas yog pauv mus rau feem ntau elekrootritsatelnomu atom. Hydrogen thiab tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub HCl yuav pib ib tug kev sib txuas lus, uas yog txav mus rau ib tug tshuaj vim nws yog lub feem ntau electronegative. Yog li, cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation sib npaug zos rau hydrogen plus 1, thaum cov tshuaj - rho tawm 1. Txhua hydrogen atom nyob rau hauv lub molecule H2S los rau hauv kev sib txuas lus nrog ib tug leej faj atom, uas nyob rau hauv lem muaj ob bonds. Ob electron officers nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no pauv mus rau ib tug leej faj atom. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm hydrogen ntxiv sib npaug 1, thiab cov leej faj atom - rho tawm 2. Yuav ua li cas los mus txiav txim cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation neeg sawv cev, e.g., HCl, H2S, O2, N2, Na, Ag, Si? Cov oxidation uas yooj yim los yog complex tshuaj yog ib txwm 0, raws li cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw muaj li ntawm molecules los yog atoms thiab lawv yog electrically nruab nrab. Tswv yim los ntawm no, nrhiav cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm lub caij nyob rau hauv lub molecule.

Nyob rau hauv qhov piv txwv ntawm hypochlorous acid yuav xav txog yuav ua li cas los mus txiav txim cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation rau lub Cl atom. Nyob rau hauv HClO molecule, raws li nyob rau hauv lub molecule ntawm lwm yam yeeb tshuaj, hydrogen yog yeej ib txwm muab (tsuas yog hydrides) yus muaj los ntawm oxidation plus 1, thiab oxygen yog ib txwm - oxidation rho tawm 2 (tsuas yog barium peroxide thiab cov pa tshuaj fluoride). Vim hais tias cov molecule muaj tsis tau them nqi rau nws tus kheej, peb yuav sau kab zauv (1) + + x (- 2) = 0. no kab zauv yuav tsum tau solved: x = 0 - (1) - (-2) = (+1) yog li, nws hloov tawm hais tias cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm Cl ib molecule ntawm hypochlorous acid ntxiv sib npaug 1. qhov ua piv txwv qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas los mus txiav txim cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm tej kev caij nyob rau hauv ib tug qauv. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov paub qhov tseem ceeb yog cov txheej txheem ntawm lub ntsiab valency los yog uas tsis hloov cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation.

Yog li, oxidation yog hu ua lub zwj ceeb muaj nuj nqis (formal them nyiaj ntawm cov atom nyob rau hauv lub molecule) siv rau cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv sib npaug tshua txuam nrog rau oxidation los yog yuav txo tau ntawm ntau yam tshuaj. Qhov no tus nqi sib npaug rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov khub ntawm electrons, uas tag txav ntawm lub electronegative molecules tshuaj ntsiab. Cov oxidation yog kaw tshaj lub cim atom. No nkag qhia yuav ua li cas los mus txiav txim cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm ib tug caij nyob rau hauv ib tug qauv ntawm tej tshuaj. Piv txwv li, ib cov ntaub ntawv (Na + 1Cl-1) yog yuav tsum tau to taub hais tias lub ntsev molecule sodium oxidation degree plus 1, rho tawm 1, thiab cov tshuaj li no: (+1) + (-1) = 0. Nyob rau hauv lub molecule ntawm poov tshuaj permanganate (K + 1Mn + 7O-24) plus 1 poov tshuaj rau manganese ntxiv 7, lub oxygen rho tawm 2, uas yog: (+1) + (+7) + 2 • (-2) = 0. cov molecule ntawm nitric acid (H + 1N + 5O-23) plus 1 rau hydrogen, rau nitrogen ntxiv 5 rau lub oxygen rho tawm 2, thiab tag nrho cov qauv yog electrically nruab nrab: (+1) + (+5) + 3 • (-2) = 0. nyob rau hauv lub molecule ntawm cov pa roj nitrous acid (H + 1N + 3O-22) plus 1 rau hydrogen, rau nitrogen ntxiv 3 oxygen rho tawm 2, txij li thaum tus nqi ntawm cov molecule yog sib npaug zos rau zero, ces: (1) + (3) + 2 • (-2) = 0. Piv txwv li, nitrogen yuav pom hais tias qhov no atom yuav muaj ib tug txawv tshuaj nyob rau hauv txawv oxidation lub xeev ntawm ntxiv los yog rho tawm 3 mus rau 5 (nrog ib tug caij nyoog ntawm ib tug unit).