Yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam Lavxias teb sab tsoom fwv teb chaws tsev kawm ntawv, thiab seb lawv yog rau?

Tshaj yav dhau los nees nkaum-tsib xyoo, peb lub teb chaws tau ncaim mus rau ib tug ntau ntawm caij nyoog phem heev, muaj ib tug ncaj qha feem rau nws ntxiv lawm yav tom ntej. Cov Thawj zaug ntawm lawv - yog lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub USSR, uas meant scrapping tag nrho system ntawm pej xeem cov thawj coj, raws li los ntawm tsim ntawm ib tug tshiab lub teb chaws - lub Lavxias teb sab Federation.

Administrative teeb meem

Zog ntawm Guj kuj yeej ib txwm tau ib tug lossis loj hwv tsim, lub zoo kev tswj ntawm uas pib tej teeb meem. Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws twb muaj vim lub autocratic hwj chim ntawm tus huab tais, uas tswj cov apparatus ntawm bureaucracy txawm qhov tsawg tshaj plaws dab, nws yog ib lub enormity ntawm lub teb chaws txuas nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm lub cheeb tsam koom haum saib xyuas kom zoo. Tus thawj lub sij hawm yog thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Petra Velikogo, uas muab faib rau tag nrho cov teb chaws mus rau hauv lub xeev mus los ntawm xeev, thiab lub hau ntawm lub cheeb tsam kuj lav ris rau tej tsev kawm qib siab, yog li tus huab tais twb sim mus rau hauv lub peb-theem system ntawm kev coj. Txawm li cas los, ib co chaw nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm ib co European lub teb chaws yog sib npaug zos, ces nws twb ntxiv rau cov kev faib mus rau hauv ntau lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub kho kom zoo rau ib co raws li streamlined tswj, thiab qhov chaw muaj lub sij hawm mus rau ntau ua hauj lwm tswj tej thaj chaw deb cheeb tsam. Txawm li cas los, muaj ib tug tseem tsis muaj tseeb subordination.

keeb kwm kev

Kho qhov teeb meem no, lub Empress yog nrhiav ib tug tshiab kho kom zoo. Nyob rau hauv 1775, ib tug decree twb muab nyob rau hauv division ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv lub 51 lub xeev uas, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib mus rau hauv paus tsev kawm ntawv. Coj, raws li ua ntej, nws yog tus tswv xeev, tab sis ntxiv tseem ceeb kev hloov tau ua. Yuav kom tswj nkag mus hauv lub post ntawm Governor-General, uas koom nyob rau hauv nws hais kom ua ob peb qhov chaw, tag nrho cov los ntawm 1775 txog 1917 yog nws tau tsim 20 tsoom fwv-General thiab tshwj xeeb kev tswj-hwv unit - Caucasus governorship. Raws li koj tau pom, lub system yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau tsoom fwv teb chaws tsev kawm ntawv, uas kuj hloov dua. Catherine II lub tsoom fwv tau ua li ntawd nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ntxiv dag zog rau kev saib xyuas ntawm lub zos cov tub ceev xwm los tswj kev txiav txim ntawm governors thiab txo qhov yuav ua rau tib neeg lub tawm tsam thiab discontent. Xwb, nws yog ua tau rau zoo heev los txhim kho lub efficiency ntawm tus thawj tswj-bureaucratic apparatus.

Lub Soviet system ntawm kev tswj

Cov kiv puag ncig ntawm 1917 coj txog kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub koom haum saib xyuas ntawm lub teb chaws. Lub Bolsheviks chiv muab lub tuaj txog pem ntwg thiab tej thaj chaw deb qhov chaw loj lub hwj chim. Uas tom qab coj txawm mus rau lub overthrow ntawm lub Soviet hwj chim nyob rau hauv ib co thaj tsam. Realizing nws yuam kev, SNK sai sai pib hloov tactics thiab lub tswv yim ntawm cov kev tswj ntaus ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lub USSR twb tshaj tawm hais tias lub federalist hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub koom haum ntawm lub xeev, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tag nrho cov hwj chim tswj tog ua hauj lwm, thiab yog hais tias peb kos ib analogy nrog lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman, nws yuav tseeb hais tias cov essence tsis tau hloov. Thiab tsuas yog tus lub npe tau hloov. Piv txwv li, koj nkag mus rau ib tug sib txawv theem tog secretaries es tsis txhob ntawm governors thiab lwm yam regional cov thawj coj uas pab txhawb ib tug hlau qhuab qhia nyob rau hauv lawv cov "Estates." Lub degree ntawm centralisation nyob rau hauv lub Soviet lub sij hawm, tau mus txog rau nws climax thiab cov theem yog ntau dua tshaj imperial.

Yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam Lavxias teb sab tsoom fwv teb chaws tsev kawm ntawv?

Lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Soviet Union thiab lub tom ntej "parade ntawm sovereignties" ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation tau muab tso rau yuav luag rau lub verge ntawm disintegration. Muaj ntau qhov chaw hauv lub xeev ua tswvcuab nws txoj cai, uas yog nyob rau txawv nrog rau tsoom fwv teb chaws, kev tswj ntawm lub capital cheeb tsam yog yuav luag pes tsawg. Nyob rau hauv no qhov teeb meem, Lavxias teb sab President V. V. Putin tau txiav txim siab mus rau revive lub inter-regional tswj nrog ib tug meej thiab txhav tswvyim ntawm subordination. ua raws li los ntawm cov thawj tswj cai "Nyob rau tsoom fwv teb chaws cov cheeb tsam tsev" nyob rau hauv Tej zaum 2000. Tsuas 7 units tau tsim. Qhov ntawd yog yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab tsoom fwv teb chaws tsev kawm ntawv yog keeb xeeb. Lub ciam teb rau lwm twb kos by analogy nrog lub division ntawm departments ntawm lub liam txhaum General. Nws pib tsim ib tug ntshiab peb-theem system ntawm kev tswj kev tswj. Number tsoom fwv teb chaws tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia tau hloov ntau tshaj li ib zaug, nws twb tau txuam nrog kev nom kev tswv txheej xwm, thiab lub thaj yooj yim. Lub moj khaum ntxawg ntawm cov kev hloov no sawv cev ib tug ntau yam ntawm tsoom fwv teb chaws cov cai lij choj. Sij hawm mus rau lub post ntawm thawj tswj envoy rau Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Cheeb Tsam Tsev Kawm ua ib lub taub hau ntawm lub xeev.

Cov nom tswv yog vim li cas rau cov kev hloov thiab ntxawg moj khaum

Thiab yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab tsoom fwv teb chaws tsev kawm ntawv thaum lub caij, muab tus tsis ntev los no transformation (nyob rau hauv particular los ntawm cov yav qab teb Federal District tau tau faib rau sab qaum teb-Caucasian Federal District)? Nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj 2014 nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov nom tswv uas nyob rau hauv Ukraine thiab cov tsab ntawv ywj suab nyob rau hauv Crimea twb tsim los ntawm lwm tsoom fwv teb chaws tsev kawm ntawv -Krymsky District. Yog li, peb yuav hais tias muaj yog cia li 9 tsoom fwv teb chaws tsev kawm ntawv, teb rau ib lo lus nug txog ntau npaum li cas Russia lub tsoom fwv teb chaws tsev kawm ntawv. Tsim xws li ib tug system ntawm tsoom fwv tau ntxiv dag zog rau kev tswj ntawm lub tsoom fwv teb chaws tsoom fwv tshaj lub cheeb tsam, tsis muaj compromising tej ntsiab cai ntawm asymmetric federation, lub Lavxias teb sab Federation yog tsis muaj txoj kev nyob rau hauv lub Constitution. Legislative paus ntawm kev kawm ntawm Russia twb coj mus rau hauv tag nrho cov ua raws li tsoom fwv teb chaws txoj cai lij choj. Tsoom fwv teb chaws tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws daim ntawv qhia cim muaj xim sib txawv, yog li ntawd koj yuav ceev nrooj xam qhov twg ib lub nroog, thiab cov uas cheeb tsam yog muaj nyob rau hauv no cov thawj coj tsev.

Kawg daim duab ntawm tus thawj tswj-hwv unit ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation

Peb twb hais txog muaj pes tsawg tus DOF thiab tam sim no to taub, yog dab tsi tsoom fwv teb chaws tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia ua ib ke. Thiab hais tias yog yuav ua li cas nws zoo:

• Central Federal District (Moscow).
• North-West Federal District (St. Petersburg).
• Yav qab teb Federal District (Rostov-on-Don).
• North-Caucasian Federal District (Pyatigorsk).
• Far Eastern Federal District (Khabarovsk).
• Siberian Federal District (Novosibirsk).
• Ural FD (Ekaterinburg).
• Volga Federal District (Nizhny Novgorod).
• Crimean FD (Simferopol).

Tag nrho cov ntawm cov chav nyob yog raug mus rau lub tso cai sawv cev ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub xeev, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog ncaj qha subordinate rau cov thawj coj ntawm Russia. Nws qhov chaw ntawm kev txawj ntse muaj xws li saib xyuas thiab kev tswj kev khiav dej num, rau cov uas lub tsev raug tsim, muaj nyob rau hauv txawv cheeb tsam tsev ntawm ntau cov xov tooj ntawm tuam tsev. Tam sim no, peb yuav hais tias tsoom fwv teb chaws tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Russia (nyob tus yeees ntawm cov chav nyob) sib haum mus rau lub stated xav tau kev pab ntawm tsoom fwv.