Yuav ua li cas puas tau craftsmen? Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus "tus kws txawj txua"

Tus txiv neej tau ntev tau koom nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov khoom uas yuav tsum tau rau txhua txhua hnub xav tau kev pab thiab ib tug ntau zoo heev lub neej. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav sim kom paub tseeb yuav ua li cas artisans. Yuav ua li cas trades yog cov thawj. Cia tham luv luv txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab yees rau qhia sib txawv.

Lub ntsiab lus

Nyob rau hauv cov tswvyim no hides me me-scale zus tau tej cov ntau yam khoom manually. Hais tias yog, tsis muaj kev siv ntawm ntau lawm muaj peev xwm. Feem ntau, cov tau tsim los ntawm lub masters, yog mas artistic thiab kom cov khoom, tsis zoo li nias neeg cov khoom.

Tus kws txawj txua - ib tug neeg uas yog koom nyob rau hauv phau ntawv ntau lawm ntawm tej yam. Nws yuav ua tau txawv txuj ci tsim nyog (journeyman, foreman, lub taub hau ntawm lub tuam tsev), ua khoom kom los yog rau cov muag khoom. Tus thawj embodiment koom mus rau ib tug neeg txawj kev, thaum lub sij hawm thib ob ua ntej lawm pib kev kawm rau beginners.

Lub craftsmen koom nyob rau hauv sij hawm sib txawv ntawm cov keeb kwm, peb yuav sib tham txog ntxiv lawm, thiab tam sim no sau lub ntsiab hom professions uas muaj feem rau qhov kev lag luam.

Txhua yam yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub Scope ntawm qhov tsim nyog yam rau ib tug xis neej, nws tau ntev tau ua los ntawm artisans. Qhov no ntau yam ntawm cov khoom los ntawm cov hlau (blacksmithing), av nplaum (potters), tawv thiab tawv (Kozhumyaki), precious pob zeb thiab uas tsis yog-ferrous co (Jewelers, engravers, cutters thiab ntau lwm professions).

Cia peb kawm saib, tus artisans nyob rau hauv lub ancient ntiaj teb no thiab cov Nrab Hnub nyoog.

hlau ua

Cov thawj heev hlau uas tib neeg tau kawm los mus daws, tau tooj liab. Nyob rau hauv lub tombs ntawm lub pharaohs yog drawings ntawm txoj kev smelting no cov ntaub ntawv uas. Ib tug me me crucible thiab ib tug ca pob zeb es tsis txhob ntawm lub rauj. Txawm li cas los, thaum lub khees primitiveness, cov khoom deb dhau tshaj ntawm lub sij hawm. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog peb yuav kub siab rau qhov no thaum peb tau mus rau lub Jewelers.

Tom qab ntawd tuaj lub bronze, thaum peb tau kawm rau alloy ntawm tooj liab thiab tin. Figurines thiab cov hlab ntsha, riam phom thiab hniav nyiaj hniav kub, rooj tog zaum ob txhais ceg thiab hlau ornaments. Hais tias yog dab tsi lub artisans koom nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt.

Los ntawm kawg ntawm tus kav ntawm Pharaohs yog cov thawj uas nrhiav tau ntawm hlau, tab sis, ces nws tseem yog ib tug kim heev thiab kom. Greater kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom no yog nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog.

Teb chaws Europe, Russia, cov Middle East twb nto moo masters, uas nyob rau hauv no era tsim xws masterpieces hais tias txawm niaj hnub no lawv tsis rov qab. Piv txwv li, lub nroog Damaxaka hlau. Heev check thiab saj zawg zog hniav. Raws li thaum smiths tiav xws li ib tug leej kev sib raug zoo thiab tsevneeg hlau khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg yog tseem tsis meej.

Ua hauj lwm nrog ntoo

Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntoo yuav tsum tau kawm Khetos. Txawm li cas los, lug tau sai dlua nws ua cim khoom. Feem ntau, nyob rau hauv lub ancient ntiaj teb no thiab medieval lub xeev, nws yog feem ntau cov ntaub ntawv uas.

Shipbuilding, architecture thiab ntau lwm trades siv ntoo rau lawv tus kheej xav tau kev pab. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm txoj kev mus taw tau ua los ntawm planks thiab cav. Rooj tog thiab tsev neeg cov tais diav, cov khoom ua si, tej kas tham, carts, thiab tom qab ntawd cov cav tov - tag nrho cov ua tau cov ntoo.

Jewelcrafting

Tom ntej no profession tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "tus kws txawj txua". Ntawm no tus tswv yuav tsum tau ib tug painstaking thiab zog ua hauj lwm los tsim hniav nyiaj hniav kub los ntawm heev me me qhov chaw.

Txawm nyob rau hauv Egypt, cov kws txawj granulated kub thiab fastened mus rau tag lub sarcophagus hau li ntawd niaj hnub cov tub txawg tsuas xav tsis thoob muab. Lawv muaj peev xwm mus cuag rau cov khoom uas tsis muaj pom ib co kua nplaum ntawm adhesions. Finest kub los xij uas npog rau saum, kuj ceeb tias tseeb nta ntawm tej yam me me txiv neej thiab cov tsiaj, neeg kho tshuab me nyuam roj hmab. Tag nrho cov surprises thiab amazes neeg kom deb li deb, tab sis yog nws tau ntau tshaj li ib txhiab xyoo.

Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi rau craftsmen nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt, vividly illustrated rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub tombs ntawm lub pharaohs. Stonecutters twb masters ntawm lawv cov paj ntaub. Tom qab tag nrho, zaum no tam sim no yuav luag tsis muaj dag zog txo lawm voj voog rau tej lus qhia.

Nyob rau hauv Russia, lub Jewelers yog ib tug tshwj xeeb kev hwm. Princes tau txaus siab thiab xav kom cov kws txawj ntawm qhov kev lag luam. Raw cov ntaub ntawv tau mas los ntawm lwm lub teb chaws, vim hais tias, raws li xws li, uas tsis yog-ferrous co zus tau tej cov tsis nyob rau hauv lub principalities. Lub siab heev tshaj plaws txoj kev raug ntiab, thiab craftsmen hu ua "Zlatarov" thiab "silversmith", nyob ntawm seb cov khoom.

Leatherworking

Tus thawj cov ntaub ntawv uas rau zus tau tej cov khaub ncaws. Yuav ua li cas kuv yuav qhia rau nws?
Yog hais tias cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb Hnub Nyoog siv los npog roughly sewn tawv, ces, pib nrog Tim lyiv teb chaws, lawv twb pib ua dab tsi, thiab yuav thinner, pleev xim rau thiab dai kom zoo nkauj.

Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas twb siv saddlers thiab furriers, saddlers thiab tulniki (ua quiver), shoemakers thiab masters rau zus tau tej cov morocco thiab parchment.
Armorer tsim los ntawm thaj ua rau thaj ntawm cov tawv nqaij ntau hom ntawm lub teeb thiab medium armor. Thaum lub kws ntaus hlau tom qab ua riveted hom armor, thiab tsuas yog tom qab koj cov menyuam rau tsevneeg hlau qhov chaw ce.
Nws kuj siab qhia lub ntsiab ntawm lo lus "tus kws txawj txua". Tom qab tag nrho, yog koj ua tib zoo xyuas tus vib this los currying, peb yuav pom tias rau ib ntev lub sij hawm nws yog heev dua lwm yam txhais tes.

Chiv, lim cov ntaub ntawv uas los ntawm lub wool. Ua li no, cov tawv yog muab pov rau hauv vats los yog ntoo thawv nrog txiv qaub. Cov theem tom ntej - tanning. Nws twb kho tau los ntawm ntau yam txhais tau tias, thiab kneaded nws ob txhais tes rau siab tshaj plaws softness. Yog hais tias lub elasticity yog tsawg, tsis ntev yuav muaj tej kab nrib pleb.

Tom ntej no, lub kho cov ntaub ntawv uas noj mus rau hauv txawv kev cob qhia artisans.

Weaponsmithing

Kom txog rau thaum tam sim no, cov khoom no yog nyob rau hauv siab thov, thiab nws khwv tau billions. Yuav ua li cas nws tag nrho cov pib?

Tej zaum nws nkawd hais tias blacksmithing - qhov tshaj plaws xwb muab kev koom tes artisans nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Tus xov tooj ntawm cov khoom rau cov tub rog kev siv, uas yog archaeologists, nkawd tsuas unrealistic nyob rau theem ntawm ntau lawm nyob rau hauv cov xyoo.
Swords thiab ntaj, hmuv rau cov tibneeg thiab lub ncov ntawm xib xub thiab bolts, xib xub hluav taws, rivets rau tawv armor thiab khoom hlau costumes. Tag nrho cov khoom uas zoo phim lub cev yam ntxwv ntawm tus tswv tsev.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog phom, muaj yooj yim los mus tsim los yog kho. Tab sis Armorer ua hauj lwm cia li masterpieces. Ncuav los yog ntaus lub awv txoj cai nyob rau hauv lub xam ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm nws tus tswv, kho ntau yam ornaments thiab zoo meej foob tag nrho cov pob qij txha. Yog li ntawd tsis yog txhua tus artist yuav ua li cas nyob rau hauv peb hnub.

Swords ntawm Damascus steel, thiab txig ntse katana Japanese samurai, uas txiav txhob lo lo ntxhuav rau tus yoov. Tag nrho cov piv txwv qhia ib tug ncaj high theem ntawm ntau lawm muaj tsawg heev siv cov kev pab. Uas yog ib tug tiag tiag professionalism. Hais tias yog dab tsi ib tug craftsman tau hais tias yuav muab lub essence ntawm lub sij hawm.

siv

Needless hais txog cov pyramids thiab lwm yam colossal monuments ntawm ancient architects. Niaj hnub no, peb tag nrho admired thiab qhuas.

Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no, lub ntau lawm combines ob peb crafts. Bricklayers thiab painters, painters thiab glaziers, joiners thiab carpenters, blacksmiths. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv, ib txoj kev los sis lwm, tau ua ib tug txhais tes los tsim tsis tsuas palaces, tab sis kuj cov feem ntau shacks.
Yog hais tias peb tham txog Russia, lub cav cabins yog ib tug ob peb centuries thiab khaws ib tug haum mob rau lub neej.

Murals ntawm cov phab ntsa castles thiab temples piav qhia li cas lub artisans koom nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub era ntawm Babylon, Tim lyiv teb chaws, ancient lub xeev, thiab tom qab ntawd medieval kingdoms thiab empires. painters kos duab yog amazing. Tsis tsuas yog lawv, tab sis tag nrho cov masters ntawm lub sij hawm, nkawd yuav tsum tau ua tag nrho cov muaj hnub nyoog, nrog rau tus ntsuj plig. Tu siab, tej cwj pwm kev rau nws txoj hauj lwm niaj hnub no yog tsis tshua muaj.

Tab Tom Hlab thiab spinning

Muaj tseeb tiag, hais txog poj niam hom paj ntaub. Chiv, nws yog tsis muaj ntaub ntawv raws li ib tug taw tes. Thaum muaj dab tsi los mus ua nyob rau hauv rau yav tsaus ntuj, mus rau xaws, nws, spinning. Yuav kom tham, sib tham txog nias teeb meem.

Tab sis cov kev txawj theem tsis raug kev txom nyem. Feem ntau cov tsev neeg tau npaj zoo xws li cov khoom rau domestic siv, tab sis, nrog txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub lag luam tawm kev sib raug zoo pib tsim thiab export.

Piv txwv li, lub Phoenician ntaub yog nrov thoob lub ntiaj teb no vim nws cov xim. Tej ntshav tshiab tshaj plaws rau pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov rulers. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, tus nqi rau tej khoom kim heev yog high school.

Oriental ntaub pua tsev thiab niaj hnub no amaze nrog nws uniqueness. Txhua xeem los yog pab pawg neeg muaj nws tus kheej sawv, cov qauv, daim. Tag nrho cov mats rau luxurious pua nrog ntev pawg , koj yuav tau los ntawm cov tub txawj tub ntse.

Archaeological tshawb pom nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no kuj piav qhia li cas lub artisans koom nyob rau hauv Russia. Ntawm no, feem ntau lug siv cov ntaub ntawv xws li flax, hemp thiab wool. Lub weavers twb tau mus tsim cov khoom ntawm linen, twill weave thiab complex.

Tsis tas li ntawd ua los ntawm wool ntaub ntawm sib txawv thickness, nyias daim ntaub linen. Xim twb varied. Siv liab, ntsuab, dub, daj thiab xiav xim.

tais diav ntim chaws

Tej zaum cov feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm archaeological pom profession. Thiab qhov uas yooj yim tshaj plaws tshaj yuav tau ua ib tug kws ntoo. Txhua yam koj yuav tsum ua hauj lwm - av nplaum thiab dej.

Lub hiob txoj kev zus tau tej cov hlab ntsha - ib tug yooj yim molding thiab kom qhuav nyob rau hauv lub hnub. Ob txhais Embodiment - tsim lub cev ntawm sticks, uas yog tom qab coated nrog av nplaum.
Tom ntej no peb pib mus hlawv cov hlab ntsha nyob ze qhov hluav taws kub. Qhov nws tshawb pom ntawm xws li ib tug technology yog txhais yooj yim heev. Cov huam saib mottled zoo li daim tawv nqaij ntawm ib tug jaguar.
Yog hais tias koj saib nyob rau lub masterpieces ntawm cov kos duab ntawm tais diav ntim chaws nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov Greek amphorae, ib qho nyuaj rau hu xws li ib tug profession khoom siv tes ua. Txawm li cas los, nws yog tseem qhov no yog.

Tom qab, muaj ib txoj kev hloov los ntawm ib phau ntawv molding los tsim cov khoom rau ib tug Potter lub log. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm no theem ntawm kev hloov nyob tus yeees ntawm cov masters los ntawm cov tub los ntxhais. Yav tas los, qhov no muab kev koom tes ntau dua cov poj niam, tab sis tam sim no tais diav ntim chaws yuav ib tug txiv neej txoj hauj lwm.

glassmaking

Tus ntawm cov crafts. Thawj, cov khoom siv los tsim decorations nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hlaws dai ntawm ntau yam nrhiav los yog pendants. Thaj, tus thawj kuaj twb tau thaum lub sij hawm ib tug xob strike nyob rau hauv cov xuab zeb. Los ntawm lub siab kub nws melted thiab muab rau hauv lub khob pellets.

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov thawj ntawm tej technology tau mastered rau lub ancient Iyiv wizard, tab sis hnub no xws li ib tug tswv yim sib cav yog ua teb.

Tab sis nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog, Byzantium thiab lub Middle East muaj exported cov khoom nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Cov muaj hniav nyiaj hniav kub (hlaws dai, hlaws dai, bracelets puav), cov khoom ua si, figurines. Tom qab ntawd - cov tais diav.

Yog li, peb tau soj ntsuam zoo li cas hom ntawm crafts twb ntau nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, kawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "craftsman" thiab tham txog cov specifics ntawm tej yam hauj lwm.