Yuav ua li cas tau txais los ntawm ib tug alkane alkane? Yuav ua li cas ntau yuav tau los ntawm cov alkane?

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov organic tebchaw, lub tshuaj zog tshaaj los ntawm lawv tshua, cia los tsim ntau hom ntawm cov khoom thiab cov khoom ntawm tib raw cov ntaub ntawv. Ua ntawm hydrocarbons ua daws teeb meem ntau. Rau lo lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas tau txais los ntawm ib tug alkane alkane" tshuaj science thiab xyaum ntawm cov roj ntes muab fee cov lus teb. Cia peb kawm txog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib raug ntawm txawv cov chav kawm ntawm hydrocarbons li zoo raws li lawv derivatives. Tsom on industrial txoj kev ntawm cov zauv carbonaceous cov ntaub ntawv.

Caj relatedness organic tshuaj

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm txoj kev tshawb thiab zus tau tej cov hydrocarbons thiab derivatives chemists xav hais tias cov pab pawg muaj cais los ntawm txhua lwm yam. Maj mam sau cov ntaub ntawv uas los teeb rau lub caj kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub ntsiab chav kawm ntawm tshuaj. Lub ntsiab kev tau teem rau nrhiav txoj kev los hloov cov qauv, ua rau kom lub daim ntawv cog lus kev txiav txim. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj cov teeb meem ntawm theoretical kev tshawb fawb thiab kws:

• yuav ua li cas tau txais los ntawm ib tug alkane alkane;
• yuav ua li cas rau cov txheej txheem thee, crude roj thiab cov nkev;
• yuav ua li cas coj dehydrogenation ntawm nyeem hydrocarbons;
• ob qho tib si los ntawm cov alkane kom tau alkyne (acetylene).

Soj ntsuam thiab cov kws tau pom hais tias muaj ib tug ntau ntawm kev sib nrig sib hloov los ntawm ib tug mus rau lwm yam hydrocarbons.

Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic kev sib raug zoo yooj yim hom tebchaw

Txoj kev sib sau ntawm hydrocarbon tebchaw muaj lawm proven nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm cov organic Science News for KIDS raws li ib tug science thiab ntau lawm kev lag luam. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov teeb meem no - yuav ua li cas tau txais los ntawm ib tug alkane alkane - tseem ceeb pab los ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab Soviet organic chemists. Muaj ntau yog siv rau cov hom phiaj, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv-transformation yog catalytic dab yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv txoj technologies. Close ties thiab kev sib nrig sib transformations ntawm cov organic tebchaw yog siv los daws tau ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov tswv yim kev pab raws qib xws li:

• tau txais los ntawm ib hom ntawm raw khoom ntawm ntau hom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv;
• zus tau tej cov complex cov khoom nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg los ntawm yooj yim tebchaw, thiab vice versa;
• kev tso tawm ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov khoom, uas muaj ib tug siab thov;
• txuag npaum li cas rau havzoov ntawm tej yam ntuj tso hydrocarbon kev pab;
• rational siv cov roj-thee ib, roj shale, peat.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tej yam ntuj tso pa roj carbon qhov chaw

Tag nrho cov hom ntawm hydrocarbons pom lawm nyob rau hauv tseem ceeb ntau. Lawv pab raws li pib cov ntaub ntawv rau qhov kev thiab kev npaj ntawm organic sib txuas ntawm txawv ntau. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov chaw ntawm alkanes thiab alkenes:

1. Nkev. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev txwv methane hydrocarbon nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb nce mus txog 80-98%. Qhov seem tebchaw ntawm nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ethane, hluav taws roj zeb, butane.
2. Roj. Lub ntuj sib tov ntawm isomeric hydrocarbons los ntawm ntau deposits txawv nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nyob rau hauv ib co hom "dub kub" yeej alkanes, lwm leej lwm tus yog muaj li ntawm cycloparaffins thiab arenas. Dome roj dua gases kuj muaj paraffins.
3. Cox. Qhuav ntawm qhov tsim nyog thee rau metallurgy nrog muab thee ib muaj dua 400 Cheebtsam, lub ntsiab sawv daws yuav - lub arena.
4. Zaub thiab khoom noj khoom haus cov ntaub ntawv raw - ib tug loj thiab ntau haiv neeg, uas muaj xws li ntoo, noob thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas muaj cov qoob loo, tsiaj.

Cov tau zaus ntawm organic tebchaw

Raws li ib feem ntawm lub tso ntawm "dub kub" yog feem ntau tam sim no cycloalkanes los yog naphthenes. Ua raw cov ntaub ntawv muab marginal cyclic hydrocarbons muaj 5-7 C atoms nyob rau hauv lub nplhaib, lawv muaj tus loj tshaj tswv yim muaj nuj nqis. Yuav ua li cas tau txais los ntawm ib tug alkane cycloalkane yog naphthenes reserves depleted? Rau txawj cyclic hydrocarbon tebchaw los ntawm roj nyeem acyclic dehydrocyclization txoj kev siv. Saw 4 los yog ntau tshaj C atoms raug kaw, muaj ib tug ruaj khov kev voj voog. Lwm yam heev transformations ntawm cov organic tshuaj yuav tsum reflected nyob rau hauv yooj yim schemes:

• Roj av hydrocarbons → → → alkane carboxylic acid.
• Nkev nyeem hydrocarbons → → carboxylic acid.
• Thee hydrocarbons → → → alkanes → unsaturated hydrocarbon polymers.
• Roj av hydrocarbons → → → arena isopropyl-benzene → benzene → acetone, phenol.
• Nkev → → ethanol unsaturated hydrocarbons.
• Thee → methanol.
• Roj av hydrocarbons → → → alkenes butadiene thiab isoprene.

Cia peb xav txog dab tsi tshuaj compound yuav tau los ntawm cov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic kinship organic tshuaj.

Yuav ua li cas tau txais los ntawm ib tug alkane alkane

Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam yuav luag tag nrho cov hom ntawm nyeem hydrocarbons tau los ntawm cov roj thiab cov nkev kev pab. Refining - ib tug niaj hnub txoj kev muab alkanes los ntawm alkanes:

A) Kua paraffin hydrocarbons muab direct distillation ntawm crude roj (tsawg tawm los ntawm lub hom phiaj khoom).

B) Thermal thiab catalytic cracking ntawm cov roj yog siv rau ua qhov feem pua ntawm lub teeb xaus, kev txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm cov hydrocarbons (roj av, kerosene). Cov roj feem yog tam sim no solyarovoe hexadecane, uas muab qhov lwj dodecane thiab butylene. Dodecane twb nyob rau hauv lub kerosene feem yog raug ntxiv disintegration, nws yog tau los ntawm roj nyeem hydrocarbon nonane thiab propene (alkene). Txuas ntxiv cracking yuav ua tau kom lub tsim ntawm heptane thiab ethylene.

Isomerization thiab alkylation

Catalytic isomerization ntawm alkanes cia tej qauv branched tau txais: N3S- (CH2) 3 -CH 3 → CH (CH3) 2-CH2-CH3. Cov khoom ntawm tus txheej txheem no - isopentane. Tej butane muaj nyob rau hauv lub gases ntes catalyst nyob rau hauv lub isomerization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv isobutane. Cov uas ua khoom yuav ua tau alkylated nrog isobutylene nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib lub hauv paus thiab tau txais isooctane - high-quality roj. Yog hais tias peb coj raws li lub alkylating neeg sawv cev, tus ethylene, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog isobutane tau hluavtaws roj neohexane.

Yuav ua li cas tau txais los ntawm ib tug alkane alkene thiab alkadienes

Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbons nrog ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim ntawv cog lus yog tau los ntawm cov roj av ntes. Sov siab, lub decomposition ntawm alkanes (pyrolysis). Alkenes zoo los ntawm tag nrho cov luj ntawm lub intermediate thiab zaum kawg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom. Ethylene tau los ntawm dehydrogenation ntawm ethane tshaj ib npib tsib xee catalyst: C2H6 + C2H4 → H2 ↑. Butane nyob rau hauv uas zoo sib xws tej yam kev mob muab 2-butene, ib txhij tsim ntawm ethane thiab ethylene. Dehydrogenation ua kom peb mus nrhiav kev daws teeb meem rau qhov teeb meem ntawm yuav ua li cas tau txais los ntawm ib tug alkane alkadienes. Thaum stepwise tshem tawm ntawm ob molecules ntawm hydrogen los ntawm hydrocarbon, numbering 4 carbon atoms, cov nram qab no transformations tshwm sim: butane butene → → butadiene. Qhov kawg khoom no yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau zus tau tej cov hluavtaws roj hmab. Ib yam li ntawd npaj butadiene lwm polymer uas uas lub ntuj counterpart nqi zog: isopentane → → isoprene isoprene roj hmab.

Raws li ntawm lub alkane kom tau acetylene

Hydrocarbon muaj ib tug triple daim ntawv cog lus - acetylene - yog qho tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv tus muaj sector, kev tsim kho thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm nyiaj txiag kev ua si. Lub hiob txheej txheem rau qhov kev npaj ntawm qhov nyuaj alkyne yog txuam nrog rau cov kev txiav txim ntawm cov dej nyob rau hauv cov khoom daim calcium carbide. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm no txoj kev tuaj lub cracking ntawm tej yam ntuj tso pa. Tam sim no cov tshuaj lag luam qhauj paub yuav ua li cas tau txais los ntawm ib tug alkane alkyne ntawm tus nqi qis tshaj. Nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb hauj pab kiag li lawm thaum muaj kev kub kub los yog nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob paug tshwm sim dehydrogenation ntawm methane - lub predominant tshuaj ntawm natural gas: 2SN4 → HC≡CH + 3H2. Acetylene yog dav siv, nws yog npaj los ntawm acetaldehyde uas yog ntxiv siv nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm acetic acid, hluavtaws resins, yas, hluavtaws fibers, rubbers thiab rubbers.

Yuav ua li cas kom tau txais cov arena ntawm nyeem hydrocarbons

Los ntawm paraffin saw tshua ua rau benzene thiab nws cov derivatives. flavoring txheej txheem kawm Lavxias teb sab thiab Soviet chemists nyob rau hauv lub XX caug xyoo. Lub essence ntawm lawv cov chaw ua hauj lwm nyob rau "Yuav ua li cas tau txais los ntawm ib tug alkane, benzene thiab nws homologues" thiaj li mus rau lub dehydrocyclization hexane, heptane thiab lwm yam uas hydrocarbons: S6N14 → C6H6 + 4H2; S7N16 → C6H5-CH3 + 4H2. Lwm txoj kev yog rau lub synthesis ntawm acyclic hydrocarbons cycloparaffins ua raws li los ntawm lub cev qhuav dej: hexane → → cyclohexane benzene.

Yuav ua li cas kom tau ethyl thiab lwm yam alcohols los ntawm alkanes

Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, cov lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas kom tau tawm ntawm lub alkane cawv" yog tsis xav, peb pog koob yawg koob siv xwb qhov uas cov dej fermentation ntawm qab zib uas muaj cov khoom nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov poov xab enzymes. Qhov siab kev tseem ceeb ntawm ethanol ua nyob rau hauv ib tug kev tshawb fawb rau cov tshiab hom uas tsis yog-zaub mov cov ntaub ntawv tsim ethanol. Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem nws tau los ua ib tug indispensable raw khoom rau zus tau tej cov roj hmab Lebedev txoj kev. Ib txoj kev tau kwv yees A. M. Butlerovym, ua npau suav hais tias cov uas pheej yig tshaj txoj kev ua ethylene leem txoj kev "rau muab cawv." Lub qhov chaw ntawm unsaturated hydrocarbons cov khoom roj av cracking thiab catalytic dehydrogenation ntawm alkanes. Npaj los ntawm ethane, ethylene, uas yog oxidized nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm sulfuric acid: C2H6 C2H4 → → C2H5OH. Co lwm yam alkenes, uas yog tseem tau los ntawm refining muab homologs hluavtaws ethanol. Qhov tsis zoo yog muab qhia nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm cov lwm cov acid thiab tiv thaiv cov pab kiag li lawm los ntawm nws cov corrosive los. Kev lag luam tsiv mus rau cov qauv ntawm cov ncaj co ntawm alkenes nyob rau hauv uas cov khoom catalysts siv. Methanol ua thaum lub sij hawm lub oxidation ntawm methane. Ethylene thiab nws homologs pab raws li cov ntaub ntawv raw rau zus tau tej cov alcohols.

Raws li ntawm alkanes tau aldehydes thiab carboxylic acids

Tom qab daws qhov teeb meem uas pheej yig raw cov ntaub ntawv rau lub cawv kev lag luam chemists paub yuav ua li cas tau txais los ntawm ib tug alkane aldehyde ntawm tus nqi qis tshaj. Ib txoj kev uas yuav muab tau acetaldehyde - co ntawm acetylene. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw raws li lub tswvyim: natural gas → CH4 → → C2H2 CH3-COH. Nce siv tej yam ntuj hydrocarbons rau zus tau tej cov ethyl cawv. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog ib tug raw khoom rau zus tau tej cov carbonyl thiab carboxyl tebchaw. Acetaldehyde yuav tau ua los ntawm dehydrogenation ntawm ethane nrog lub consequent tsim ntawm ethanol nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm oxidation los yog dehydrogenation. Ib tug ntawm cov kev xaiv - cov oxidation ntawm ethylene: C2H6 → C2H4 → C2H4O. Yuav ua li cas tau txais los ntawm ib tug alkane carboxylic acid? Cov lus nug uas yog ib tug ntev lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm cov teeb meem. Acetic acid yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm fermentation ntawm khoom noj khoom haus raw khoom thaum lub qhuav distillation ntawm cov ntoo. Muaj muaj alkane qhov chaw tso cai butane oxidation thiab tau txais pheej yig acetic acid: C4H10 2 + ½ O2 + H2O → 2SN3SOON. Txheej txheem ntau lawm ntawm lwm yam carboxylic acids, uas thiab unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Cov niaj hnub ntiaj teb no kev khwv nyiaj txiag yog ib qhov nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam tsis muaj tej yam ntuj tso roj, roj thiab thee khoom. Ntawm cov natural mixtures emit ntau yam alkanes uas yog siv rau zus tau tej cov ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov organic synthesis.