Yuav ua li cas yog cov tub ntxhais biology? Qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub nucleus

Nyob rau hauv txhua txhua nyob ntawm tes yuav siv sij hawm ib tug ntau ntawm biochemical kev tig cev thiab cov txheej txheem. Yuav kom tswj tau lawv, raws li tau zoo raws li rau tswj ntau tseem ceeb heev yam uas yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb cov qauv. Yuav ua li cas yog cov tub ntxhais biology? Uas nws zoo tiv nrog no ua hauj lwm?

Yuav ua li cas yog tus ntxhais ntawm biology. txhais

Cov tub ntxhais - qhov tsim nyog qauv ntawm tej lub cev hlwb. Yuav ua li cas yog cov tub ntxhais? Nyob rau hauv biology, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm txhua txhua kab. Cov ntsiav yuav muaj nyob rau hauv unicellular protozoa, thiab yeej npaj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub eukaryotic ntiaj teb no. Lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov qauv no - lub cia thiab kis tau tus mob ntawm caj ces, uas nyob ntawm no thiab muaj.

Tom qab fertilization ntawm lub ovum los ntawm cov phev tshwm sim fusion ntawm ob haploid nuclei. Tom qab lub merger ntawm gametes zygote yog tsim, cov tub ntxhais uas twb muaj ib tug diploid txheej chromosomes. Qhov no txhais tau tias lub karyotype (genetic cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub nucleus) twb muaj cov ntawv luam ntawm cov noob thiab cov niam thiab txiv.

Diploid nucleus yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov eukaryotic hlwb. Haploid nucleus muaj tsis tsuas cov gametes, tab sis kuj ntau cov tswv cuab ntawm qhov nyuaj kab mob. Cov no muaj xws ib co tib-celled parasites, algae, unicellular free-cov ntaub ntawv nyob. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias feem ntau ntawm cov neeg sawv cev muaj ib tug haploid nucleus tsuas yog nyob rau ib tug tej theem ntawm lub neej voj voog.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg nucleus

Yuav ua li cas yog cov tub ntxhais feature? Biology ua tib zoo kawm nyob tus yeees ntawm cov nuclear ntaus ntawv, uas yog. Yuav kom. Nws muaj peev xwm muab impetus mus rau lub kev loj hlob ntawm noob caj noob ces, yug me nyuam thiab molecular biology.

Core - nws dvumembrannaya qauv. Lub week yog ib tug extension ntawm lub endoplasmic reticulum, uas yog tsim nyog rau cov thauj tej los ntawm lub hlwb tsim. Tus txheem ntawm lub nucleus hu ua lub nucleoplasm.

Chromatin - lub ntsiab yam khoom uas nucleoplasm. Muaj pes tsawg leeg chromatin varied: muaj feem nucleic acids (DNA thiab RNA), raws li zoo raws li cov nqaijrog thiab ntau hlau ions. DNA nyob rau hauv lub nucleoplasm kom nyob rau hauv ib tug chromosome. Nws chromosomes ntawm division ob npaug, tom qab uas txhua yam ntawm poob lawm ntawm keyboards rau tus ntxhais lub hlwb.

RNA nyob rau hauv lub nucleoplasm yog feem ntau ob hom mRNA thiab rRNA. Cov tub txib RNA ua thaum lub sij hawm transcription - nyeem ntaub ntawv los ntawm DNA. Ib tug ribonucleic acid molecule tom qab yoojyim lub nucleus thiab tom qab ua hauj lwm pab raws li template rau cov tsim ntawm tshiab proteins.

Ribosomal RNA yog tsim nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb lug hu ua nucleoli. Lub nucleolus yog tsim los ntawm lub kawg feem ntawm chromosomes, tsim los ntawm theem nrab constrictions. Qhov no qauv yuav pom nyob rau hauv lub teeb tshuab kuaj kab mob raws li ib tug chaw nyob rau hauv compressed tub ntxhais. Ribosomal RNA uas yog tsim no kuj tau nkag mus rau lub cytoplasm thiab ntau cov nqaijrog tsim ua ke nrog cov ribosome.

Direct tej yam nyob rau hauv cov kev ua ntawm kev muab cov keeb. Biology raws li ib tug science kawm lub thaj chaw ntawm chromatin rau ib tug zoo dua kev nkag siab ntawm lub dab ntawm transcription thiab cell division.

ntsiav zog. Lom dab nyob rau hauv lub nucleus

Cov thawj thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub nucleus yog lub cia thiab kis tau tus mob ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntaub ntawv. Core - lub cim qauv ntawm lub cell, piv txwv li nws muaj ib tug loj ib feem ntawm tib neeg noob ... Karyotype tej zaum yuav haploid, diploid, triploid, thiab hais txog. Ploidy venom nyob rau cov nuj nqi ntawm lub cell: haploid gametes thiab Somatic diploid hlwb. Lub hlwb ntawm lub endosperm triploid angiosperms, thiab, thaum kawg, lub ntau ntau yam ntawm cultivated cov qoob loo yog polyploid txheej chromosomes.

Hloov ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntaub ntawv mus rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm lub nucleus tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm mRNA. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm transcription ntawm lub noob ntawm lub karyotype yog nyeem ntawv, thiab nws thiaj li tsim matrix molecules los yog cov tub txib RNA.

Caj kuj manifested los mus faib cell mitosis, meiosis los yog amitosis. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, lub noob pob kws ua ib txog kev ua. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub prophase ntawm mitosis tub ntxhais plhaub puas lawm thiab hnyav ncawv kompaktizirovannye chromosomes poob mus rau hauv lub cytoplasm. Txawm li cas los meiosis ua ntej tsis ua hauj lwm tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub nucleus membrane crossover ntawm chromosomes. Thiab amitosis tub ntxhais collapses zoo rau nws thiab ua rau ib tug me me pab rau cov fission cov txheej txheem.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov tub ntxhais kov muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov thauj ntawm tshuaj los ntawm lub hlwb vim qhov ncaj kev twb kev txuas ntawm daim nyias nyias nrog XPS. Hais tias yog dab tsi rau cov tub ntxhais ntawm biology.

Daim ntawv cov tub ntxhais

Cov tub ntxhais, nws cov qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi tej zaum yuav yog nyob ntawm seb tus duab ntawm lub membrane. Nuclear unit yuav ua tau puag ncig, elongated, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm vanes thiab thiaj li nyob. D. Feem ntau nucleus daim ntawv hais txog ib tug neeg ntaub so ntswg thiab hlwb. Celled kab mob txawv nyob rau hauv lub hom khoom noj khoom haus, lub neej voj voog, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm no yog sib txawv thiab rau nuclei membrane.

Qhov ntau nyob rau hauv lub zoo thiab loj ntawm lub nucleus yuav pom nyob rau hauv qhov piv txwv ntawm leukocytes.

• Neutrophil nucleus yuav segmented thiab uas tsis yog-segmented. Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv peb hais txog ib tug horseshoe-zoo li tus keeb, thiab daim ntawv no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tub ntxhais hlwb. Lub segmented cov tub ntxhais - yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm tus tsim ntawm ntau partitions rau hauv daim nyias nyias, ua rau ib tug ob peb daim kev cob cog rua ua ke.
• Thaum cov tub ntxhais ntawm eosinophils nws muaj ib tug yam ntxwv zoo ntawm ib tug dumbbell. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov tub ntxhais chav tsev yog muaj li ntawm ob feem txuam muab faib.
• Yuav luag tag nrho cov ntim nyob los ntawm cov lymphocytes loj loj cov tub ntxhais. Tsuas yog ib tug me me ib feem ntawm lub cytoplasm tseem nyob rau ntawm periphery ntawm lub cell.
• Lub glandular hlwb ntawm kab tub ntxhais yuav muaj ib tug branched qauv.

Cov nab npawb ntawm cov nuclei nyob rau hauv ib tug cell tej zaum yuav txawv

Tsis yeej ib txwm nyob rau hauv lub cell ntawm lub cev muaj no tsuas muaj ib cov tub ntxhais. Tej zaum nws yog tsim nyog lub xub ntiag ntawm ob los yog ntau tshaj nuclear pab kiag li lawm ua ntau zog ib txhij. Conversely, ib txhia hlwb yuav kiag li ua tsis tau rau cov tub ntxhais. Ntawm no yog ib co piv txwv ntawm txawv txawv hlwb nyob rau hauv uas lub nuclei ntawm ntau tshaj ib tug los yog yuav tsis tuaj kiag.

1. Liab cov ntshav thiab platelets. Cov ntshav thauj hemoglobin thiab fibrinogen, ntsig txog. Yuav kom ib tug cell yuav muaj lub siab tshaj plaws nqi ntawm ib yam khoom, nws tau poob nws cov tub ntxhais. Yus muaj los ntawm xws li ib tug feature, tsis tag nrho cov neeg ntawm cov tsiaj ntiaj teb no: cov qav nyob rau hauv cov ntshav yog erythrocytes loj loj nyob rau hauv loj nrog ib tug muaj zog cov tub ntxhais. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias qhov no txheej thaum ub chav kawm ntawv raws li muab piv nrog rau cov ntau tshaj taxa.

2. Cov hepatocytes ntawm lub siab. Cov hlwb muaj ob cores. Ib tug ntawm lawv regulates ntshav ntxuav ntawm toxins, thiab lwm yam yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov tsim ntawm heme, uas tom qab yuav tau ib feem ntawm hemoglobin.

3. Myocytes striated skeletal cov ntaub so ntswg. Multicore mob hlwb. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias lawv muaj kev koom kis ATP synthesis thiab neej puas, raws li zoo raws li lub rooj sib txoos ntawm proteins.

Tshwj xeeb nuclear ntaus ntawv nyob rau hauv lub nyuaj

Piv txwv li, xav txog ob hom ntawm protozoa: amoebae thiab ciliates.

1. ciliates txhais khau khiab. Qhov no sawv cev unicellular kab mob muaj ob nuclei: lub vegetative thiab generative. T. Mus. Lawv txawv nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv thiab loj, no feature yog hu ua nuclear dualism.

Vegetative nucleus yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov hnub cellular kev ua si. Nws regulates lub dab ntawm nws cov metabolism. Generative nucleus yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cell division thiab conjugation - txoj kev sib deev txheej txheem nyob rau hauv uas muaj yog ib qho kev pauv ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntaub ntawv nrog cov tib neeg ntawm lub tib lub hom.

2. Amoebas. Kaj cov neeg sawv cev - dysentery thiab plab hnyuv amoeba. Tus thawj koom lub txhoj puab heev tib neeg parasites, thiab lub thib ob - tus li ib txwm symbiont, uas nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv thiab tsis ua kom muaj mob. T. k. Dysentery amoeba cab nyob rau hauv lub gut, dhau lawm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub qhov txawv ntawm ob hom ua ke. Rau lub hom phiaj no, nuclear apparatus feature: ntawm dysenteric ameba yuav ua tau mus txog rau 4 nuclei, thiab nyob rau hauv lub plab hnyuv amoeba ntawm 0 mus txog 8.

kab mob

Muaj ntau caj ces cov kab mob yog txuam nrog rau teeb nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm chromosomes. Ntawm no yog ib daim ntawv teev cov feem ntau mas txawv txav nyob rau hauv lub caj tub ntxhais unit:

• Down syndrome;
• siddrom Patau;
• Edwards syndrome ;
• Klinefelter lub syndrome;
• Turner lub syndrome.

Daim ntawv mus rau thiab txhua tus ntawm cov kab mob yus muaj los ntawm ib tug khub ntawm ib theem zuj zus tooj ntawm chromosomes. Kuj yog xws li kab mob feem ntau cuam tshuam rau kev sib deev chromosomes X thiab Y.

xaus

Lub keeb plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cell kev ua si. Nws regulates lub biochemical dab, yog ib lub repository ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntaub ntawv. Thauj cov tshuaj los ntawm lub hlwb, synthesis ntawm cov nqaijrog kuj txuam nrog rau hauj lwm ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm tes qauv. Hais tias yog dab tsi rau cov tub ntxhais ntawm biology.