Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug rudiment? Thiab nraws npaum licas atavism - quirks xwm los yog lub pov thawj rau evolution?

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug rudiment? Qhov no yog ib feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag los yog tsiaj lub cev, tsis ua nws muaj nuj nqi, rau cov uas nws yog npaj. Nyob kab mob abound vestigial lug, thiab lawv txoj kev tshawb no muaj ntxiv lub cib fim rau ua pov thawj evolution.

Piv txwv rudiments rau hauv cov tsiaj ntiaj teb no

Yuav ua li cas yog cov rudiments? Piv txwv yuav pom qhov txhia chaw. Piv txwv li, dandelions, txawm hais tias lawv cov me nyuam tsis muaj fertilization, lawv tseem muaj paj thiab daim ntawv paj ntoos. Cov kab yuav pom flightless kab, uas muaj siab tsim tis yog muab zais hauv qab cov khoom fused elytra.

Cov tsiaj reptiles xws li pythons, tseem muaj ib tug vestigial lub plab mog, tsis txuas mus rau cov pob txha caj qaum (raws li nyob rau hauv feem ntau vertebrates) - nws cia li floats nyob rau hauv lub plab kab noj hniav. Qhov no yog pov thawj hais tias cov nab hloov zuj zuj los ntawm plaub-legged cov tsiaj reptiles. Ib txhia lizards yog rudimentary, vestigial ob txhais ceg nyob rau hauv lawv daim tawv nqaij uas yog imperceptible los ntawm sab nraum.

Ntau cov tsiaj txhu muaj rudimentary ob lub qhov muag. Piv txwv li, lub qhov tsua underwater inhabitants xws li cov ntses (Mexican Tetra thiab salamander hom Typhlotriton spelaeus thiab Proteus anguinus), qhov muag tsis pom, tab sis muaj ib tug rudimentary vestigial ob lub qhov muag. Ob lub qhov muag Mexican Tetra muaj ib tug lens, degenerative retina thiab optic paj. Qhov muag tsis pom salamanders muaj lub qhov muag nrog tub kawm ntawv uas sab nraud lub teeb yog kaw tawv muag.

Whales muaj ib tug vestigial plab mog thiab hind ob txhais ceg. Cov ceg pob txha yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm lub whale, tab sis tsis txuas mus rau tus so ntawm lub cev pob txha. Tiam sis, lawv tsuas siv rau hauv cov tsiaj cov nqaij mos. Nws yog ib tug tim khawv rau cov evolution ntawm whales los ntawm terrestrial pog koob yawg koob, nrog consequent poob ntawm hind ceg ntoo thiab lub plab mog. Tag nrho uas seem rudimentary nyob rau hauv niaj hnub whales, yog qhov seem ntawm cov lug.

tib neeg vestiges

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug rudiment? Qhov no yog ib feem ntawm lub cev, muaj poob nyob rau hauv lub evolution ntawm nws ncaj qha lub hom phiaj, xws li cov tib neeg appendix, uas ib zaug tau txais kev pab ib qho tseem ceeb muaj nuj nqi, thiab tam sim no tsim kev mob ntau tshaj kev zoo. Lub coccyx yog tshuav qee leej dim ntawm tus Tsov tus tw cov pob txha ntawm poj koob yawm txwv liab - yog ib tug residual ib feem ntawm lub embryonic tus Tsov tus tw, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, thiab ces decomposed thiab "noj" los ntawm lub cev. Tab sis ib co neeg tseem, tab sis yog tsis tshua muaj heev, yug los tsis muaj tails (atavism).

Ib txhia neeg muaj peev xwm txav lawv lub pob ntseg, txawm hais tias cov cuab yeej no yog xam qhovkev miv thiab lwm yam tsiaj thiab yog yuav tsum tau rau lub chaw ntawm cov suab thaum yos hav zoov. Cov pog koob yawg koob ntawm cov neeg paub tias yuav tau herbivorous, thiab cov hniav tau yuav tsum tau rau kev zom khoom thiab kev sib tsoo tsob nroj khoom noj. Ntau tshaj 90% ntawm tag nrho cov neeg laus muaj ib tug thiaj li hu ua txoj kev txawj ntse hniav. Cov piam hniav tej zaum loj hlob kom zoo thiab muaj peev xwm ua rau mob heev. Feem ntau tib neeg tsuas tau txais tshem ntawm lawv.

Cov tsos ntawm "gus ua pob" nyob rau hauv tib neeg kuj yog ib tug rudimentary kos npe rau. Qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv feem ntau tshwm sim thaum tus mob khaub thuas los yog ntshai. Cov leeg nyob puag txhua cov plaub hau ua tsa cov plaub hau li. Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj, qhov no muaj nuj nqi yog hais txog mus rau lub tshav kub tuav tseg. Qhov teeb meem qub yuav muaj tshwm sim yog hais tias tus tsiaj yog nyob rau hauv kev hem thawj. Thaum lub sij hawm no, "ib tug sawv-up plaub" tso cai rau cov tsiaj nyaum kom zoo dua menacing thiab txoj sia.

Irrefutable pov thawj rau evolution

nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias txhua tus tsiaj nws muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb pedigree rau kev kawm cov txheej txheem phylogenetic tsob ntoo. Txhua kab mob muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb series ntawm ntau pog koob yawg koob txuas nws nrog lawv. Nws yuav tsum tau yuav tsum hais tias lub kab yog pov thawj ntawm no pedigree keeb kwm. Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug rudiment? Nyob rau hauv biology, qhov no anatomical thiab molecular nta uas yog non-haumxeeb.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug rudiment? Piv txwv li, lub tis ntawm cov noog yog heev anatomical taw tes ntawm view, lug, tshwj xeeb uas txais rau powered davhlau, tab sis muaj cov noog uas yoov tsis tau muab. Ib tug piv txwv - tus plas tis uas yuav confidently hu ua vestigial kabmob, txij li thaum lawv tsis yuav tsum tau rau davhlau, tab sis, theej sib npaug thaum khiav thiab pos seev cev.

puzzling zaum

Vestigial lug ua nyob rau hauv ib tug tov naturalists thoob plaws keeb kwm. Lo lus nug no xav zaum ntev ua ntej Darwin thawj npaj nws universal hom phiaj ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov hom. Muaj ntau zaum minds XVIII-XIX xyoo pua, xws li Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), Georges-Lui Leklerk, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788) thiab Zhorzh Kyuve (1769-1832) tau kawm qhov teeb meem no.

Caum xyoo ua ntej tus ntawv ntawm "The Origin of Species," Darwin, lub eminent Fabkis kws cev Geoffroy Saint Hilaire (1772-1844) nyob rau hauv lub qhov teeb meem ntawm vestigial tis ntawm ib tug qaib ntxhw thiab cassowary. Nws yog nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis yog vim li cas lub ntuj yeej ib txwm yoojyim "ib co kua nplaum rau hauv lub cev," uas yog tsis xav tau. Kaum xyoo tom qab ntawd, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) tau muab ib tug txhais ntawm ib co vestigial lug nyob rau hauv nws "Zoological Philosophy".

atavism

Atavism yog tej yam ntxwv xam qhovkev rau ib tug me me pab pawg neeg ntawm cov kab mob no. Piv txwv li tib neeg tus Tsov tus tw (coccygeal projection), ntxiv los yog webbed ntiv tes, txawv txav hairiness, sublingual nqaij nyob rau hauv cov dev thiab thiaj li nyob. Ib txhia noob, piv txwv li, cia nyob rau hauv tus me nyuam, tsuas yog deactivated tom qab yug tus me nyuam. Yuav ua li cas yog cov rudiments thiab atavism? Qhov no yog cia li qhov ntxeev ntawm lub iceberg ntawm cov pov thawj ntawm evolution.

Atavism yam ntxwv yog:

1) lub xub ntiag ntawm cov neeg laus cov theem ntawm lub neej;

2) qhov qhaj ntawv los ntawm tej yam tshwm sim ntawm ib tug niam txiv los yog tsis ntev los no pog koob yawg koob;

3) ib tug huab rarity nyob rau hauv cov pejxeem.

Ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau txaus ntshai atavism yog neeg tails. Ib txhia yog mos mos, muaj tsuas rau cov nqaij ntshiv, cov hlab ntsha thiab qab haus huv. Tej zaum nws yuav tsum tam sim no cov pob txha mos. Cov tails yuav raug tshem tawm surgically. Los ntawm Atavisms xws li cov loj tus naj npawb ntawm lub txiv mis (2-x).

learn ntawm evolution

Yuav ua li cas yog nyob rau hauv lub rudiments ntawm biology ua? Nws cov tub ceev xwm, poob lawv ncaj qha lub hom phiaj thiab yog tsis pab lawv direct zog. Yog hais tias tag nrho cov kab mob los ntawm ib qho txwv zeej txwv koob, ces tus tsis tau los yog nrhiav tau ntawm lub ntau yam zog thiab lug yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov keeb kwm macroevolution.