Piv txwv rudiments. Atavism thiab rudiments: piv txwv

Atavism thiab rudiments, piv txwv uas yuav tau los sib tham nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm no yog irrefutable pov thawj ntawm evolutionary txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kev tshawb xav ntawm muaj sia nyob. Yuav ua li cas cov tswv yim thiab dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lawv foundations ntawm niaj hnub science?

pov thawj ntawm evolution

Evolution yog hu ua ib tug irreversible txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov nyob yam los ntawm tej yam yooj yim rau txoj. Qhov no txhais tau tias lub sij hawm lub kab yog hloov txhua lwm yam. Txhua tom ntej tiam muaj ntau tshaj nta ntawm lub tsev, uas coj mus rau lawv adaptation mus rau lub tshiab tej yam kev mob ntawm lub neej. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov kab mob no teej tug mus rau txawv taxonomic units, yuav tsum tau muaj zoo xws li cov nta.

Piv txwv li, lub forelimbs ntawm cov noog thiab pinnipeds tsiaj muaj xws li ntawm tib department. Qhov no lub xub pwg, forearm thiab lub dab teg. Tab sis vim hais tias cov noog yog nruj heev heev rau ya hoob no lawv hloov mus rau hauv tis, thiab dej inhabitants mutates rau hauv lasty.Takie hu ua homologous kabmob.

Lwm pov thawj ntawm cov kev tshawb xav ntawm evolution yog zoo sib xws. Yog li, nyob rau hauv kab, thiab puav muaj tis. Tab sis, thaum xub thawj, lawv yog derived ntawm epithelial ntaub so ntswg, thiab nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog kawg no yog ntawm daim tawv nqaij folds ntawm pem hauv ntej thiab nram qab lub extremities. Cov lub cev muaj ntau haiv, tab sis lawv muaj ib qho nta ntawm cov qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi. Qhov no tshwm sim sawv los ntawm sib txawv ntawm cov nta los yog divergence.

Atavisms thiab nraws npaum licas tus yam ntxwv zoo tshawb fawb comparative lub cev yog tseem ncaj pov thawj ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm ib tug tag nrho nyob.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug rudiment?

Ib txhia cov tub ceev xwm hais "tsim rudimentary." Qhov no txhais tau tias - tsis txaus rau tag nrho cov kev siv ntawm cov npaj khiav dej num. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub rudiments hu ua tub ceev xwm, leej twg nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm evolution tau poob lawv cov thawj lub ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv ib tes, lawv yog tsim rau ib yam twg, thiab nyob rau lwm yam - nyob rau hauv lub extinction theem. Raug cov piv txwv ntawm cov vestiges - ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv tus duab ntawm lub pob ntseg thiab cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov nqaij uas koos nws. Peb pog koob yawg koob txhua feeb nws yog tsim nyog los mloog tus mus kom ze ntawm txaus ntshai los yog ib tug ntev-awaited rov qab. Yog li ntawd, lub plhaub zoo yog ntau mob, thiab cov nqaij muab nws txav. Niaj hnub nimno tus txiv neej muaj peev xwm mus kav txav pob ntseg tsis zoo li yuav pab tau nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Yog li ntawd, cov tib neeg nrog rau cov kev txawj ntse muaj peev xwm yuav nrhiav tau heev tsis tshua muaj.

Piv txwv rudiments nyob rau hauv tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu

Underdeveloped kabmob xam qhovkev pog koob yawg koob pom nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj feem ntau txaus. Piv txwv rudiments - yog muaj nyob rau hauv tib neeg ntawm lub coccyx, uas yog cov neeg seem tshuav ntawm tus Tsov tus tw txha nqaj qaum, raws li zoo raws li lub tswvyim hniav uas yuav tsum tau rau kev zom khoom ntxhib thiab cav ntoo khoom noj khoom haus. Rau ntawm no theem, peb suab tsis txhob siv cov qhov chaw ntawm lub cev. Lus Qhia Ntxiv - ib tug rudiment, uas tus txiv neej liam pub los ntawm herbivores. Qhov no yog ib feem ntawm lub digestive system paim enzymes thiab yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub degradation txheej txheem, tab sis muab piv nrog peb pog koob yawg koob muaj nuj nqis zog. Kev sib piv, ib tug tib neeg, nws nruab nrab ntev yog hais txog 10 cm, thiab ib tug yaj los yog ib tug camel - ib tug ob peb meters.

Daim ntawv teev cov tib neeg rudiments tseem peb daim tawv muag. Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj reptiles tsiaj cov qauv no moisturises thiab ntxuav lub plhaub ob lub qhov muag. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, nws tseem muaj ib tug me me luaj li cas, thiab lub saum toj no zog yog ua los ntawm lub sab sauv daim tawv muag. Ncau yog qhov caws pliav nyob rau hauv lub saum toj tus neeg lub ntuj - nws yog ib qhov pib ntawm lub tom ntej no kab ntawm cov hniav, nyob rau hauv uas tus txiv neej twb tsis muaj yuav tsum tau.

Rudiments tsiaj muab zais rau hauv lub cev hindlimbs whales, halters thiab dipteran kab kotoryeya khub uas muaj tis yog rov kho. Tab sis nab nqua tsis tsim, vim hais tias vim lub peculiarities ntawm lawv oporono lub cev muaj zog system, qhov yuav tsum tau rau lawv yog tsis tuaj kiag li.

Rudiments: duab ntawm cov nroj tsuag

Vestigial kabmob muaj nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag. Piv txwv li, cov nroj tsuag couch muaj ib tug zoo tsim rhizome, uas yog ib qho underground khiav nrog elongated internodes. Nws yog kom meej meej pom me me dos, uas yog rudimentary nplooj. Raws li underground nws yuav tsis ua nws yooj yim muaj nuj nqi - realization ntawm photosynthesis, ces nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev loj hlob yog tsis tsim nyog. Rudiment rudimentary pistil thiab yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tubercle nyob rau hauv staminate paj dib.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib qho atavism?

Lwm pov thawj ntawm evolution yog ib tug throwback. Peb hais tau tias cov tswvyim no yog qhov fab ntxeev ntawm rudiments. Atavism hu ua manifestation nyob rau hauv cov tib neeg ntawm qhov zoo cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv pog koob yawg koob. Lawv muaj kuj qhia ib tug kawm ntawv ntawm kinship nrog rau tiam no. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm embryonic txoj kev loj hlob thiab muaj ib tug Tsov tus tw thiab ntses chaw dim pa pouches. Yog hais tias embryogenesis tshwm sim raug, cov lug yuav tsum los tsim. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ua txhaum cai ntawm cov kev loj hlob mus rau lub teeb yuav tshwm sim cov neeg uas uncharacteristic yam ntxwv nta. Yog li ntawd, tailed me nyuam tub thiab tus txiv neej-amphibian - tsis yog ib tug fantasy.

atavism txiv neej

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub tsos ntawm tus Tsov tus tw ntse atavism nyob rau hauv tib neeg yog ntev li lub cev plaub hau. Tej zaum nws yog ntau ntau dua li ib txwm. Muaj mob thaum cov plaub hau twb loj nrog rau tag nrho lub cev tsuas yog lub xib teg thiab qab xib taw. Atavism xam tau tias yog thiab tshwm sim ntxiv mammary qog nyob rau hauv lub cev, thiab cov zoo li yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si cov poj niam thiab cov txiv neej. Qhov no feature yog muab los ntawm cov tsiaj, nyob rau hauv uas muaj ntau yam cov me nyuam yug los. Yog li muaj ib tug xav rau coj tag nrho ntawm lawv ib txhij. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, muaj yog tsis muaj tej kev xav tau.

Qhov thib ob kab ntawm cov hniav - kuj feature xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv peb tej thaj chaw deb pog koob yawg koob. Piv txwv li, ib tug shark ntawm ob peb kab. Qhov no yog tsim nyog rau lub npaum txhom ntes thiab tuav prey. Muaj yog ib lub tswv yim uas yuav muab suav hais tias ib tug throwback thiab microcephaly. Nws yog ib tug kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic teeb meem uas tshwm los txo lub hlwb loj thiab pob txha taub hau. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tag nrho lwm yam lub cev proportions yog dab tsi. Qhov no entails hlwb ruamqauj.

Txiv neej pryavlyaet ib co cim ntawm cov tsiaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov reflexes. Piv txwv li, lub nros yog ib tug raug feature ntawm ancient amphibians. Qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tsim nyog rau lawv kom dhau dej los ntawm lub pa system. Ib tug niag reflex, uas yog tshwj xeeb yog zoo tsim nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam, yog ib tug manifestation ntawm xws li ib tug tsiaj. Lawv clutching lawv niam lawv txiv 'cov plaub hau, yuav tsum tsis txhob poob.

Atavism ntawm cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag

Piv txwv ntawm kev muaj koob yawm txwv zoo nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj yog cov tsos ntawm wool los yog hind nqua nyob rau hauv whales. Qhov no yog cov ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm cov tsiaj nyob rau lub tu noob hoofed tsiaj. Atavism yog tseem txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntxiv ntiv tes nyob rau hauv niaj hnub nees, tsiv nqua nyob rau hauv nab thiab legless lizards. Primroses tau tej zaum kuj yog ib qho kev nce rau hauv tus naj npawb ntawm Stamens thiab 10. Yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas muaj lub poj koob yawm txwv niaj hnub nroj tsuag. Txawm tias niaj hnub ntaub ntawv tsuas 5 Stamens.

Cov ua rau evolutionary hloov

Raws li koj tau pom, lub rudiments thiab atavism tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau hom ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Qhov no qhia ib tug kawm ntawv ntawm kinship sib txawv taxonomic units hauv tib realm. Evolutionary hloov ib txwm tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia zuj zus complexity, yog li ntawd muaj sia nyob yuav tau zoo dua hloov mus rau cov ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob los yog inyi.

Xav txog cov piv txwv ntawm cov rudiments thiab atavism, peb tau pom nyob rau hauv lub zej zog system ntawm cov organic ntiaj teb thiab lub sib xws ntawm cov kev tshawb xav ntawm evolution.